CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Presentation
From the very beginning of human species, literature existed side by side. Human life, in the form of human passions, feelings, loves, sufferings, and human history existed in the literatures. Human legends started with the very stone age, recorded in the stone scripts. It was a human need to communicate the past to the future generations. Poetry, as an art form, has been for many centuries praised, contemplated and has continued to affect man. Man has used poetry to express love and grief, birth and death, innocence and guilt, heaven and hell in a more effective way. In order to achieve such a way of expression the poet does not have any other material at his disposal except language. However in poetry, this language itself, turns out to be the goal of the poet rather than only an instrument for communication. Her/his way of expressing ideas and emotions summarises the poets craftsmanship and creativity. What the poet does is that he/she illustrates and exemplifies how language can be used to achieve the most effective way of expression. Poems deal with universal themes such as love and hate, birth and death, innocence and guilt, heaven and hell, which are familiar to all readers. For this reason, believing in the importance of literature and the contribution of poetry to language teaching and learning, we have decided to use poetry to act as a means to enrich the language awareness of ELT majors.
1.1 Background of the problem
Until the late 60’s and early 70’s the teaching of literature in foreign and second language classes was an activity whose justification was assumed to be obvious. Poetry and literature in general became the “forgotten” man since then, and this can be ascribed to the advent of communicative language teaching. With the shifting emphasis of the study of English for practical purposes, technical or otherwise, as well as an emphasis on the spoken language more than on written language, the role of literary texts in the language classroom and the relationship between language teaching and literature teaching in the EFL context seemed to be totally neglected. Looking through TEFL/ TESL writings in the 70’s and 80’s, one can find little about the teaching of literary texts and hardly anything controversial.
Although poetry has been the focus of interest for ages, it has not got its deserved place in English language teaching.
...r’.” Poetry for students. Ed. Sara Constantakis. Vol. 43 Detroit: Gale, 2013. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?>.
In the novel, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the author creates a picture of a society that resembles our present-day society in a variety of ways. Although a society in which government has total control over its citizens seems to be a little extreme, there are definitely clues that can be seen today that suggest that we are headed in the same direction. Some of the resemblances between the society in Fahrenheit 451 and our society today are the governments’ hypocrisy, the gullibility of the citizens who fully support the government, and the fact that books are becoming rather extinct due to advances in modern technology.
One of the key practices that was evident in the documentary was relationship with one another/community. He believed that Christ is present in the community and that we are called to a more faithful and radically obedient to Christ. He felt that we should not get too complacent in serving God but rather rebuke comfortable Christianity. He shared this religious belief with others. He was gifted in the ministry and shared this as a teaching pastor in an underground seminary. Once this seminary was closed, he spearheaded the Confessing Church which spoke out against Hitler and for God. Bonhoeffer continued to teach theology and proclaim that salvation comes in God alone. He traveled to America, to become a guest lecturer but later had regrets as he felt he was responsible for his own country. Bonhoeffer realized that he made a mistake and must endure the difficult period with the Christian people in Germany. As Bonhoeffer preached and taught, he formed relationships with others along with Christian communities. Time alone would be another practice that supports his own life as described in the documentary. Bonhoeffer spent a lot of time alone meditating and praying. He was disciplined and obedient. The documentary revealed while in prison, he read and wrote many books. He pastored fellow fellow prisoners, and reflecting on the meaning of "Jesus Christ for today." As the months progressed, be began outlining a new theology, penning enigmatic lines that had been inspired by his reflections on the nature of Christian action in history. From these practices, we can conclude that Bonhoeffer was faithful and worship was part of life for him. He taught that salvation comes from God alone. His writings in prison and his leadership as a theologian suggest that Christ is center. While in prison Bonhoeffer wrote, “We are not Christ, but if we want to be Christians, we must have some
In Alice Walker’s story “Everyday Use,” symbolism, allegory, and myth stand out when thinking about the characters, setting, and conflict in the story. The conflict is between the mother and her two daughters (Maggie and Dee). There is also the conflict between the family’s heritage (symbolized by the quilt, bench, and butter chum) and their different ways of life. Dee chose a new African name, moved to the city, and adopted a new way of life while Maggie and her mother have stay behind. The quilt (the most important symbol) represents the family’s heritage in that it is made of scraps of clothing worn by generations of family members. The quilt has been sewn by family hands and used on family beds. It has seen history and is history. Maggie and her mother see that that history is alive but Dee thinks it is as dead as her name. Dee does not see that name as part of her heritage. By analyzing these symbols, a number of possibilities for a theme can be seen. Walker could be suggesting that to understand the African-American heritage, readers have to include the present as well as the past. However, the theme could be that poverty and a lack of sophistication and education cannot be equated with ignorance. Lastly, she could be telling her readers that dignity or self-respect rise from and are virtually connected to one’s entire heritage- not just a selected part of it.
... thing while being in the right time on the right place. Everything else is the history. Many stories were told about Dell. Dell was most famous for its customized products which they sold directly to customers. This strategy worked for some period, however to capture bigger market share Dell had to return to the retailers. Michael Dell is one of the biggest asset Dell has. His enthusiasm and hard work build a multibillion dollar company. He has promising outlook for the IT market and always make strategic decisions. Therefore Dell at the beginning made strategic decision to sell in the stores to capture market share, then they decided to sell directly to customers to avoid retailer margins, however, at the end they returned to retailers to capture market share again. Although these strategies contrasted each other, they were right strategies for the right time.
Michael Dell is the founder and CEO of Dell Computers Inc. one of the largest sellers of personal computers in the world. His contribution to the computer industry is the “one-to-one relationship between the company and the customer— there are no intermediaries, no middlemen” (Krames, 2003, p.59). Not only did he relinquish the middleman, he also perfected combination of the bottoms up strategy and the just-in-time (JIT) by waiting till he received orders from the customer to build computers. In doing this, Dell increased its return on investment (ROI) while reducing its inventory overhead cost.
Love is one of the main sources that move the world, and poetry is not an exception, this shows completely the feelings of someone. In “Litany” written by Billy Collins, “Love Poem” by John Frederick Nims, “Song” by John Donne, “Love” by Matthew Dickman and “Last Night” by Sharon Olds navigate around the same theme. Nevertheless, they differ in formats and figurative language that would be compared. For this reason, the rhetoric figures used in the poems will conduct us to understand the insights thought of the authors and the arguments they want to support.
This behavior from parents can lead to poor self-esteem, alcohol or drug abuse, bad behavior and suicide. As neglect is often correlated with poverty, there is a difference in a caregiver’s lack of needed care bound by their cultural norms and/or financial resources. As poverty greatly restrains a parent’s resources and cannot provide necessities for the child, services may be offered to help. In many situations, the lack of adequate childrearing information, skill or resources contribute to a neglectful situation. In many cases, neglectful parenting exists on the same continuum as adequate
“Billy Collins' “Introduction to Poetry” isn’t an ars poetica poem about writing poetry, but about reading poetry. The speaker is a teacher who tells his students that they should experience a poem, rather than dissect it. The f...
In conclusion, the mood and meaning of the six poems are expressed through the selective use of diction. All poems use imagery to express their emotions on the their attachment to a person or a time period; these emotions range from feelings of detachment to the feeling of safety and comfort. The selective poems also use metaphors and similes to juxtapose the positive and negative connotations and use structures and rhyming schemes to compare the past and the present to emphasize on the theme of attachment. In closing, a sense of loss can be felt after a long period apart if one has an emotional attachment to a specific person or an attachment to an object. This compels us to appreciate them as they are and educate ourselves to treasure our love towards them; therefore I believe the emotional attachments to different times and people is a very important of study.
To what extent can literature have an affect on the way we judge society? Humans are naturally able to make a first impression on countries, religions, and people based upon their own beliefs. Writers are grown up in different societies and express their own beliefs on countries, religion and people through their own life experiences. Writers have enough power to change the reader’s preconceived ideas by the writers sharing of their own perspective on their beliefs. Through analyzing different forms of literature such as White Tiger by Aravind Adiga, Joseph Brodsky’s “A commencement Address,” and watching Chimamanda Adichie’s “The Danger of a Single Story” I have realized that reading literature has the ability to change our thinking which in return affects the we judge different society. There have been controversies that media is a huge factor in altering the mind of humans. Literature can be also viewed as a type of media because literature helps the readers understand the conditions of certain societies.
Poetry is a true literary art form that uncovers the hidden beauty of the world through its word’s. Poems are strong pieces of literature that unveil a deeper meaning using various literary devices throughout. Therefore, all humans need poetry as it is a living image that endlessly inspires the importance of change in society. Moreover, in silence, poetry is able to connect with people on any subject for it contains all the wisdom of the world. Furthermore, poetry pours out raw emotion and truth though the use of metaphors, allusions and many more devices, which shed light on the value of life. In “Constantly Risking Absurdity” a poem written by Lawrence Ferlinghetti, the speaker explains the devotion that a poet
Success started at a young age for Michael Dell, he was only 12 years old when his first product catalog called “Dell’s Stamps” advertised in the local trade journal. He learned early in life to develop a direct relationship with the customer which later would provide the key to his success (Krames, p. 58). Andy Grove had teamed up with Bob Noyce, and Gordon Moore in 1968 after discovering they could create chips with massive memory. Grove used a metaphor to describe his foundation of success – a three-legged stool; execution and strategy (Krames, p. 137). When one leg is off, it throws off the whole system. Dell’s major accomplishment came when he planned and sold personal computers out of his dormitory room which lead to the creation of Dell Computers Corporation. At the age of 27, Dell was the Top CEO of a Fortune 500 company. He had clear ideas about how-to-do business.
Dell’s main strength lies in their perfection of the Direct Model, which boasts a production process that lasts only a day and a half so the company is able to serve customers quickly and has the capacity to withstand very large orders. Dell built held no finished goods inventory on hand, which helps to reduce idle assets and risk. The company maintained excellent relations and communication with suppliers who were able to adhere to Dell’s just-in-time inventory management and allowed suppliers to send shipments direct to customers, reducing inefficiency. Dell encouraged suppliers to locate their facilities in close proximity to assembly operations. Additionally, Dell had very high customer service and support satisfaction and maintained some of the best performance metrics in the industry. Finally, their main source of revenue came from businesses and large government institutions and no single customer represented more than 2% of their sales, which lowers their risk of buyer power.
Literature is always interactive. Thus, not only can the thoughts of people who write/translate it, but also those of people who read it can interfere. Different cultural backgrounds, growth environment etc. of different people will be the factors that can disrupt the intact understanding of the readers. Furthermore, the ‘taste’ of a word also can be related to the perception