Lesch Nyhan Syndrome
Lesch Nyhan Syndrome (LNS) was first reported in 1964 by Michael Lesch and William L. Nyhan. It is a rare disorder located on the x chromosome. It is a sex-linked trait, which means that it is passed from mother to son. This condition can be inherited or occur spontaneously as a result of a genetic mutation. It usually appears once in every 100,000 male births. Since the defective gene is recessive, females almost never exhibit symptoms of the disease. However, they can be carriers of the allele.
Lesch Nyhan is associated with an almost complete absence of the enzyme HGPRTase (hypoxanthene guanine phosphoribosil transferase). This is the enzyme that recycles hypoxanthen and guanine, which are two of the genetic building blocks. When this enzyme is not present, the hypoxanthen and guanine are converted into excessive uric acid. Children around four to six months old are usually diagnosed with LND when orange, sand like uric acid crystals are observed in their diapers. These crystals cause painful urination, arthritis and kidney stones as they build up in various areas of the body.
LNS had many symptoms. Affected people manifest developmental delays, seizures, spacticiy, speech impairment and moderate retardation. The victims usually fall within a 40-80 IQ range. By four years of age the children usually start to exhibit the most well-known symptom of Lesch Nyhan; self-mutilization. The patients begin practicing physical mutilization and hurting themselves through indirect emotional injuries. These behaviors seem to grow as the children get older and become more physically capable of inflicting self-injury and more mentally capable of thinking up new ways to hurt themselves.
Early forms of self-mutilization include biting of the tongue and cheeks, gouging the nose and eyes, rubbing various body parts raw, and banging the head, arms, and legs on things. Another realm of abnormal behavior associated with LNS is manifested as indirect or emotional self-injury. Individuals with these symptoms are compelled to hurt and abuse themselves and the people they care for most. They lash out at parents, teachers and aides. A few examples of this behavior include kicking and head butting as they are being dressed or bathed, cursing without provocation, spitting, vomiting or spilling drinks on care providers. After performing these behaviors, the individual will apologize profusely, only to repeat the offending behavior shortly thereafter.
Scientists have come to recognize this behavior as indirect attempts of self-injury.
CT encompasses different types of therapy techniques that focuses on the impact of a client’s thinking. Other models include Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT), just to name a few. One thing that these branches of therapy have in common is that the individual's thoughts are related to external behaviors and feelings. What causes the negative behaviors, feelings or thoughts are the perception...
Do you love animals and science? Maybe the right profession for you is veterinary medicine! Some important things you need to know if you are interested in becoming a vet are schooling, the different types of vets, and the logistics of being a vet.
To become a vet the requirements are four years of undergraduate education with course requirements. The profession requires doctoral or professional degree you can get in vet schools. Training includes the extensive study of biomedical sciences, chemistry, pharmacy, and basic animal husbandry. Veterinarians need a well-developed powers of observation, good memory, logical thinking, patience, and positive attitude to animals. According to vbs.psu.edu, the official Penn State website and article Steps To Becoming A Veterinarian, vet schools and programs are very competitive to get into. The key step is to start preparing ahead and always have a back-up plan.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of treatment to “help people see the relationship between beliefs, thoughts, and feelings, and subsequent behavior patterns and actions.” This therapy works by finding ways of helping a person understand what their perception is and how this might impact their well-being. Instead, they look at how they feel and act rather than them thinking it is based on what they do. This is done by “adjusting our thoughts, we can directly influence our emotions and behavior” (Good Therapy, 2017). With this in mind, understanding the person’s thought process can determine what can be causing the individual to feel a way. Furthermore, this therapy will “help unclear negative reactions and learn new, positive emotional
Although cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the experiences themselves, it is actually more based on how we perceive those experiences. It involves examining how we react to those experiences emotionally, psychologically and physically and why we react as we do. It involves examining what we can do in order to change the way we react to certain situations
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a form of therapy which can be used to treat a wide range of mental health problems. Cognitive Therapy is an active, directive, time limited, structured approach used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders, for example depression, anxiety, phobias (Beck, 1967). It emerged as a rational amalgam of behavioural and cognitive theories of human behaviour and is based on the idea that our thoughts determine our behaviour and feelings (Kendall PC, 1979). On average a patient attends between 5 and 20 appointments with their therapist. (Blenkiron 2013)
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form a therapy that is short term, problem focused, cost effective, and can be provided to a broad range of disorders and is based on evidence based practices, in fact it is has the most substantial evidence based of all psychosocial therapies (Craske, 2017, p.3). Evidence based practices are strategies that have been proven to be effective through research and science. One goal of CBT is to decrease symptoms and improve the quality of life by replacing maladaptive behaviors, emotions and cognitive responses with adaptive responses (Craske, 2017, p.24). The behavioral intervention goal is to decrease maladaptive behavior and increase adaptive behavior. The goal of cognitive intervention is to modify maladaptive cognitions, self-statements or beliefs. CBT grew out of behavioral therapy and the social learning theory (Dobson, 2012, p.9). It was not until the 1950s that CBT started to swarm the psychology field. Due to nonscientific psychoanalytical approaches, there was a need for a better form of intervention which ensued to behavioral therapy (Craske, 2017,
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a form of therapy that puts an emphasis on our thinking rather than external influences. It is not a stand-alone or distinct type of therapy but is a more general term for many different types of therapies with similar qualities and approaches. Among these other approaches are Rational Behavior Therapy, Rational Living Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Dialectic Behavior Therapy. The idea behind CBT is that our thoughts, actions, and behaviors are caused by our feelings and not outside influences like events, people, and various situations. If we change our thought we can change our behaviors and deal with these outside influences more effectively. This method makes change easier in that it
My love for dogs started with my very first dog, Chelsea. From the moment I was born, she protected me like no other. Even my own grandfather was scared she was going to bite him when he tried to play with me. When she passed away I felt like I had lost my best friend. That’s why I hold a special place in my heart for not only dogs, but all animals. Veterinarians get the privilege to work with such kind creatures all day, everyday. Performing surgeries, working with the animals, interacting with the owners, and rescuing homeless or hurt animals are just a few of the things vets do. Although becoming a veterinarian will be a strenuous journey, the benefits are monumental in the end.
He published a comprehensive medical description of the syndrome. It was not until 1959, that it became clear the syndrome was due to lack of sex chromosome material. Turner's Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects one in approximately 2,500 females. Females normally have two X-chromosomes. However, in those with Turner's Syndrome, one X chromosome is absent or is damaged.
“The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson is a short story about a society in which it is a tradition for the population of a town to gather together in the middle of town for a random drawing with the prize of the individual being stoned. Mrs. Hutchinson was late to the raffle, protesting the whole time how it was unfair, and in the end was the individual that was chosen. This sequence of events and using literary element analysis leads the reader to believe that the so-called “random drawing” is actually controlled to target certain individuals that are threatening their tradition. Therefore, the central idea of “The Lottery” is that if one goes against tradition, society will be violent.
However, CBT relies heavily on therapeutic relationship for the success of the treatment. Many may decide that CBT feels cold and too mechanical due to the heavy focus on cognitions and the structure. In Beck’s earliest manuscripts, however, he stresses the importance of developing a strong therapeutic relationship with the client (Beck, 2011). Throughout the counseling process, the counselor works to build trust and rapport with the client through collaboration and encouraging optimism (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014). The therapeutic relationship remains collaborative, empathetic, active, flexible, nonjudgmental, and goal-oriented (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014). Due to the collaborative nature of the therapeutic relationship, the counselor encourages the client to provided feedback throughout the process. Anytime problems arise within the relationship, the counselor and client explore them together (Beck,
can lead to long term mental health issues, often times worse than aggression. In early childhood,
When I teach I know the students are learning. I will often do quick informal formative checks, such as a thumb up or thumbs down if they are getting it. The majority of the students have their thumbs up. When I notice one who does not, I will ask them where they need clarification, and I can help that student right away before we get any further into instruction. I also administered a test I made and they all passed with a 100%. This was evidence that my students are learning what I am teaching. This made me so excited to see not only are they learning but they can apply their learning on the