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European settlers and indigenous Australians
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Recommended: European settlers and indigenous Australians
Land Rights for the First Australians
Australian Aborigines have had a traditional relationship with their land since they first came to the Australian continent somewhere from 40,000 to 60,000 years ago to 120,000 years ago (9:9). Before Europeans came and settled the same land, the Aborigines had their own law system, trading systems, and way of caring for their land (12:1-2). Then the First Fleet of Europeans landed at Botany Bay in New South Wales in 1788. The expedition lead by the new Governor Phillip, but directed by King George the Third, was told to endeavor by every possible means to open intercourse with the natives, and to conciliate their affections, enjoining all our subjects to live in amity and kindness with them. And if any of our subjects shall wantonly destroy them or give them any unnecessary interruption in the exercise of their several occupations, it is our will and pleasure that you do cause such offenders to be brought to punishment according to the degree of the offense (9:2-3).
This policy was abandoned as land was taken from the natives without thought. Captain Cook termed the Australian land terra nullius, or owned by no one, when he landed and rediscovered the continent (9:9), and that was to be the rule for centuries. Later, European convict settlements started to bring more white men to Australia. Europeans used the Aborigines to track escaped convicts and told the convicts that the Aborigines were savages and would kill them if they escaped. As a result, Aboriginal peoples started distrusting the settlers, and the settlers started to fear and dislike the Aborigines (6:1-2). The Aboriginal population shrunk from an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 people throughout 500 different tribes in 1788, ...
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... 1992.
6. Kidd, Rosalind. The Way We Civilise: Aboriginal Affairs--The untold story. St. Lucia:
University of Queensland Press, 1997.
7. McLuhan, T.C. The way of the Earth: Encounters with Nature in ancient and
contemporary thought. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
8. "Neither black nor white." The Economist. 3 May 1997: 28.
9. Riemenschneider, Dieter and Geoffrey V. Davis. Aratjara: Aboriginal Culture and
Literature in Australia. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997.
10. Wilmsen, Edwin N. We Are Here: Politics of Aboriginal Land Tenure. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1989.
11. Young, Elspeth. Third World in the First: Development and indigenous peoples.
London: Routledge, 1995.
12. Yunupingu, Galarrwuy. Our Land is Our Life: Land Rights--Past, Present and Future.
St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1997.
The National Apology of 2008 is the latest addition to the key aspects of Australia’s reconciliation towards the Indigenous owners of our land. A part of this movement towards reconciliation is the recognition of Indigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders rights to their land. Upon arrival in Australia, Australia was deemed by the British as terra nullius, land belonging to no one. This subsequently meant that Indigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders were never recognised as the traditional owners. Eddie Mabo has made a highly significant contribution to the rights and freedoms of Indigenous Australians as he was the forefather of a long-lasting court case in 1982 fighting for the land rights of the Torres Strait Islanders. Eddie Mabo’s introduction of the Native Title Act has provided Indigenous Australians with the opportunity to state claim to their land, legally recognising the Indigenous and the Torres Strait Islanders as the traditional owners.
This essay is about the land rights of of Australia and how Eddie Marbo was not happy about his land been taken away from him. In May 1982 Eddie Marbo and four other people of the Murray Islands began to take action in the high court of Australia and confirming their land rights. Eddie Marbo was a torres islander who thought that the Australian laws were wrong and who went to fight and try and change them. He was born in 1936 on Mer which is known as Murray Island. The British Crown in the form of the colony of Queensland became of the sovereign of the islands when they were annexed in1978. They claimed continued enjoyment of there land rights and that had not been validly extinguished by the sovereign. (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012)
Key events in Aboriginal Australian history stem from the time Australia was first discovered in 1788. For instance, when Federation came into existence in 1901, there was a prevailing belief held by non Aboriginal Australians that the Aborigines were a dying race (Nichol, 2005:259) which resulted in the Indigenous people being excluded from the constitution except for two mentions – Section 127 excluded Aborigines from the census and Section 51, part 26, which gave power over Aborigines to the States rather than to the Federal Government. Aboriginal people were officially excluded from the vote, public service, the Armed Forces and pensions. The White Australia mentality/policy Australia as “White” and unfortunately this policy was not abolished until 1972. REFERENCE
In the nineteenth century, the “History wars” became the fight between the most prominent historians revolving around the deception of frontier conflict between the labor and coalition. The debate aroused from the different interpretations of the violence that took place during the European colonization and to what degree. It became a crisis in history, emerging from the dispossession of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) that resulted in exclusion of their traditions and culture. The ATSI were the first people of Australia that brought along a different culture, language, kinship structures and a different way of life (Face the Facts, 2012). Post European colonization was a time where the ATSI people experienced disadvantage in the land they called home. With the paramount role as future educators, it demands proficient knowledge on the Australian history and one of the most influential moments in our history started from the first European settlers.
Indisputably, Tim Burton has one of the world’s most distinct styles when regarding film directing. His tone, mood, diction, imagery, organization, syntax, and point of view within his films sets him apart from other renowned directors. Burton’s style can be easily depicted in two of his most highly esteemed and critically acclaimed films, Edward Scissorhands and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Burton ingeniously incorporates effective cinematic techniques to convey a poignant underlying message to the audience. Such cinematic techniques are in the lighting and editing technique categories. High key and low key relationships plus editing variations evinces the director’s elaborate style. He utilizes these cinematic techniques to establish tone mood, and imagery in the films.
Within Australia, beginning from approximately the time of European settlement to late 1969, the Aboriginal population of Australia experienced the detrimental effects of the stolen generation. A majority of the abducted children were ’half-castes’, in which they had one white parent and the other of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent. Following the government policies, the European police and government continued the assimilation of Aboriginal children into ‘white’ society. Oblivious to the destruction and devastation they were causing, the British had believed that they were doing this for “their [Aborigines] own good”, that they were “protecting” them as their families and culture were deemed unfit to raise them. These beliefs caused ...
In today’s society, people are being judged based their ability to embrace themselves in a world where everyone tries to fit in. Although, many of these people differ and become outcasts in society, others are unaffected by society standards and often lead prosperous lives. Tim Burton happens to be one of these individuals. As many people identify Burton as a film director who projects dark yet adventurous pieces of work, his talent has led him to become one of the most famous producers in Hollywood. Burton’s unique style is depicted in his films Alice and Wonderland and Edward Scissorhands, where the protagonist has certain personality traits that are not appreciated in society. Tim Burton uses low key lighting, close up shots, and flashbacks in Alice and Wonderland and Edward
The assimilation policy was a policy that existed between the 1940’s and the 1970’s, and replaced that of protectionism. Its purpose was to have all persons of aboriginal blood and mixed blood living like ‘white’ Australians, this established practice of removing Aboriginal children (generally half-bloods) from their homes was to bring them up without their culture, and they were encouraged to forget their aboriginal heritage. Children were placed in institutions where they could be 'trained' to take their place in white society. During the time of assimilation Aboriginal people were to be educated for full citizenship, and have access to public education, housing and services. However, most commonly aboriginal people did not receive equal rights and opportunities, for example, their wages were usually less than that paid to the white workers and they often did not receive recognition for the roles they played in the defence of Australia and their contribution to the cattle industry. It wasn’t until the early 1960’s that expendi...
Everyday we experience anxiety. Normally, it’s the feeling you get right before a test, recital, or an interview, but sometimes and for some people it can be a whole lot worse. It can even result in terrible panic attacks that affect the way they live. Anxiety is defined as a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness, worrying,, and fear. Severe anxiety is the most common mental illness and affects 40 million people in the U.S. That’s about 18% of our population. We all get mild anxiety from time to time, but there are more severe cases, types, and forms to this illness. I will tell you about the type of anxiety that could be harmful to your everyday life. Today I will tell you about the types of anxiety, the different treatment options you have, and how these disorders could affect your everyday life.
...issected shortly afterward. He extensively worked with Romani children and always gave them sweets or toys, and then personally led them to the gas chambers and while they would walk with him, they would always call him uncle Mengele. Also, Hitler was very open about his hatred for Jewish people. Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kamof, which had a warning in it about his intention s to drive the Jews out of the German cultural, intellectual and political life. The only thing Hitler didn’t write about in his book was attempting and succeeding to exterminate all the Jews, but it is reported and said that he had been more explicit in private. Besides some conservative anti-Semitism, there was a famous Catholic Church protest against the euthanasia program that couldn’t be accompanied by the protest of the Holocaust.
Australia had been imperialized by the British for their natural resources, and had used the aboriginal people there as well. They took their land, their people’s lives and their way of life, for Britain’s own gain. The aboriginal population has gone down due to these events, but with the help of organizations like NACCHO, and Oxfam Australia, the aborigines are able to make an attempt to regrow their population. They will also, try to keep hold as well as reteach their cultural beliefs.
As the world leaps into the future, it seems that mental illness is becoming more of a problem among many people. One of the most common types of illness's among the current population is anxiety disorders. It is evident that there is a rise of anxiety disorder among the Western World. There are three main factors that contribute to this, they include our education system, technology and media, and the treatment and decreasing criticism anxiety patients receive.
What is anxiety? Ghinassi and Winning (2010) state, “Anxiety appears to be fear mixed with other emotions and is more diffuse than fear, but nevertheless, it helps us react to threats and plan appropriate strategies to resolve the situation” (p. 45). Anxiety can be viewed as something that is helpful and at other times it can be viewed as something that consume our lives to the point that we cannot function which is why anxiety is often viewed as something that is not beneficial to us and that is the reason why it anxiety is classified as a psychological disorder. According to Ghinassi and Winning (2010), our daily life can often be interrupted through episodes of anxiety and can lead to an unfulfilling and difficult life. Many people will develop generalized anxiety disorder which can be classified as anxiety from just about anything such as the future, health, or financial stability.
Anxiety is defined as a diffuse, internal, loose floating tension that doesn’t have a real danger or an external object. There is also a significant difference from the notion of fear. Fear usually has an outer object (a real fear of a snake, height or an unreal fear, when the danger is just imagined). Anxiety does not have an external object or external danger, but have an internal danger. Internal danger can be some intrapsychic conflict, impulse unacceptable to the ego, suppressed thoughts, etc.
Anxiety is a normal reaction to stressful situations that helps in the coping process for individuals. On some occasions, anxiety may become so severe that it impairs the ability to cope and can create psychosocial impairment. High levels of anxiety that interfere with daily activities and social interaction are considered a psychiatric disorder. Anxiety disorders are treatable and can have profound effects on the psychosocial aspect of the individuals life.