Karen Horney’s ideas are still to this day highly relevant in psychological and psychoanalytic theory, as many of her ideas are comparable to those of attachment theory, self-psychology, intersubjective and the person in the environment theories (Smith,2006). Anxiety was a central component of Horney’s theory, of which today anxietys prevalence rate would likely shock her and her colleagues of that time (Smith, 2006). Horney early on in the aspect of psychological theory, recognized the significant impact familial interaction and relationships had on developing anxiety, she understood that the way an individual behaved and view the view stemmed heavily from upbringing and familial influence(Smith, 2006). In the 19th century, science had revolved …show more content…
These differences in backgrounds lead way for a separation of Freud and Horney in light of Horney coming into a more, open less concrete way of thinking, even though she still had many uphill battles ahead as enduring sexism was still high prominent (Smith, 2006). Horney nevertheless idenified as a psychoanalyist as did Freud, but she separated herself on several key foundational issues upon which had built his theory (Smith, 2006). Horney’s view therapeutic outlook was held in the present, meaning that she valued our early experiences as conditioners of the the way we are today; our enduring personalities (Smith, …show more content…
Although in today's standards, this logic is widely accepted, for Horney’s time this was quite the radical thought, further illustrating how integral a role she played in Feminine Psychology (Smith, 2006). She over 80 years ago identified that women show presented themselves as more passive, masochistic, compliant, and dependent would be viewed by men as more desirable as these traits better aligned with what men expected women to be like (Smith, 2006). These ideas about how men and women should behave still permeate our culture today's, and her ideas still fit the bill when it come to the preserving view of how a women ought to
Women who carefully follow their expected roles may never recognize sexism as an oppressive force in their life. I find many parallels between women's experiences in the nineties with Betty Friedan's, in her essay: The Way We Were - 1949. She dealt with a society that expected women to fulfill certain roles. Those roles completely disregarded the needs of educated and motivated business women and scientific women.
Kathleen Orr, popularly known as Kathy Orr is a meteorologist for the Fox 29 Weather Authority team on WTXF in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was born on October 19, 1965 and grew up in Westckave, Geddes, New York with her family. The information about her parents and her siblings are still unknown. As per bio obtained online, Kathy Orr is also an author. She has written a number of books like Seductive Deceiver, The drifter's revenge and many others. She graduated in Public Communications from S. I. Newhouse which is affiliated to Syracuse University.
Not only are women expected to lead lives in which they depend on men to be happy and wealthy, but they are expected to do so with total obedience to the expectations of men. It is important to see how women react to the requests of men and how much freedom for thought and action they are allowed to have and what consequences occur when a woman disobeys what is asked of her.
The aim of the psychoanalytic therapy is to resolve interpersonal conflicts, toward the end of reconstructing one’s basic personality. (Corey 2013). Gathering life-history data, dream analysis, free association, interpretation and analysis of resistance and transference. Such procedures are aimed at increasing awareness, gaining intellectual and emotional insight. This begins a working-through process that leads to the reorganization of the client personality. According to Freud, out most intense experience of anxiety occurs at birth, when we are speratated from our mothers. Using this model will allow to examine the aniety as the basis of all the clients feelings of anxiety. Seperation from his mother at the age of 6 may have had an impact. Finally, this model tend that if noramal, rational approaches of the ego to reduce anxiety are not effective, the ego revert to ego-defense mechanisms. Jackson’s was defensive when discussion of possible sexual abuse was introduced in the sessions. This was pointed out as the Defense Mechansims, Repression. Therapist find this useful to bring the past experiences to the present, so that the client can begin to be aware.
Prentice, D. A. and Carranza, E. (2002), What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn’t Be, Are Allowed to Be, and Don’t Have to Be: The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26: 269–281.
Sigmund Freud is considered to be one of the most studied and respected historical figures in psychology. Freud has had a huge impact on the way we think today. He also is responsible for creation psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud is even known as the “father of psychoanalysis”. Through endless contentious theories such as, the Case of Anna O, the Unconscious Mind, the Psyche, and the most infamous of his theories, the Psychosexual stage, Freud has generated many fans and supporters. His works has earned him a place in the list of psychology legends today.
Sigmund Freud is known as the founding father of psychology. If it wasn’t for Freud and his work psychology probably wouldn’t be around today (Javel, 1999). Although Freud had many followers there were some who didn’t agree with his work and found his work to be very controversial. There were also many who criticized his work, one of his most controversial and criticized work was his psychosexual stages of development and his believes about the famous “Oedipus Complex.” Psychoanalysis is the first known modality used to treat individuals with psychological disorders. Freud’s work was a foundation for many whether they believed in his work or not. From his work other psychologist
Despite the fact that Bennett made great strides for the improvement of patient treatment in asylums, she faced brutal attacks from people who legitimately disagreed with her opinion of surgery as well as people that refused to accept women in the study of psychiatry (543-544). Sigmund Freud is an excellent example of a male authority taking charge of a subject that he does not understand. Although Freud is largely recognized as a prestigious man of psychoanalysis, he had many outlandish ideas towards women, and he admitted to not understanding the complexities surrounding women. He clung to gender stereotypes and depicted the female as an inferior being, eternally jealous of men (Lax 394). The weak and incapable portrayal of female in Freud’s psychoanalytical theories reflects the ability of women to enter this new study of psychology.
...socially directed hormonal instructions which specify that females will want to have children and will therefore find themselves relatively helpless and dependent on males for support and protection. The schema claims that males are innately aggressive and competitive and therefore will dominate over females. The social hegemony of this ideology ensures that we are all raised to practice gender roles which will confirm this vision of the nature of the sexes. Fortunately, our training to gender roles is neither complete nor uniform. As a result, it is possible to point to multitudinous exceptions to, and variations on, these themes. Biological evidence is equivocal about the source of gender roles; psychological androgyny is a widely accepted concept. It seems most likely that gender roles are the result of systematic power imbalances based on gender discrimination.9
He took a toll of countless operations over a span of sixteen years, and unfortunately passed on in 1938 after emigrating to London (2). Despite this tragedy, Freud’s work remains in place today. Coming from a Jewish background, there is no doubt that finding work and fitting in were problems in his life he had to overcome, but he did not let these factors deter him from achieving success. Freud stands today as a role model for everyone willing to bring about new ideas that might not sit well in today’s society but need to be addressed. During his time, his ideas and theories about the mind were critically rejected but Freud did not just give up. He kept producing new theories and new ways to understand how the mind works and behaves, despite the criticism he got. Sigmund Freud’s life shows that by taking that leap to express one’s own ideas, it can reap great success and eventually inspiring
Karen Horney, a psychoanalyst perhaps best known for her ideas regarding feminine psychology, faced much criticism from orthodox Freudian psychoanalysts during her time. Robert Sternberg said that creativity is always a “person-system interaction” because many highly creative individuals produce products that are good, but that are not exactly what others expect or desire. Thus, creativity is only meaningful in the context of the system that judges it. If this is true, I believe that Karen Horney made truly creative contributions to the field of psychology, and particularly to the domain of psychoanalysis. She broke rules in a domain that was itself fairly new, and in doing so presented ideas that have been in use to this day. She did so in a system that bombarded her with a fair amount of criticism because her ideas were different from those that Freud and his disciples supported. However, she made her mark as a master in her domain and has managed to have a number of her ideas incorporated into ego psychology, systems- theory, and a number of self-actualizing schools of psychotherapy.
Sigmund Freud, the preeminent, 19th century, European neurologist and psychologist, designed a theory he labelled “psychoanalysis,” a theory which would transcend all borders and integrate itself deeply into many facets of society. In fact, an American named Kate Chopin, wrote a book entitled The Awakening, which was published at the turn of the 19th century, in which this theory played an integral role in expressing the complexity, relevance, and growth of the main character. The express importance of the main character displaying a Freudian psych is pertinent even in the modern time because it allows us to view the application of his theories around the time of their conception, trace their evolution and see the changes throughout the years. By possessing these comparisons, one could then gain insight as to how society and the individual has developed and progressed.
Horney was born in Germany in 1885. Her family was unsettling due to her father being absent most of the time because of work related circumstances. Horney was strongly independent and believed individuals were hypocritical of their religious beliefs. Similar to Freud, Horney studied medicine at the University of Freiburg. At the time, many opportunities were beginning to open for women in society. Horney initiated her theories with the explanation of basic anxiety. Unlike Freud, Horney came from a family who was less united. Her theory is relevant to her personal experiences and how she was able to cope with her issues. According to Langenderfer (1999), Horney’s thoughts on neurosis and psychoanalysis involve people coping with having complete control over the interpersonal problems. Horney describes neurosis as the feelings derived by culture. Freud, however, explains that neurosis is determined
middle of paper ... ... women know and think that if they don’t act or behave to their expectations they will. looked down upon and possibly neglected by their family and society. To avoid losing friends and family, most male and female, construct their own role in their life.
Instead, Horney emphasized that sociocultural factors were the primary agent of female development and personality (Ingram, 2001; Smith, 2007). Notably, Horney focus of feminine psychology originated from her thinking that psychology was ‘androcentric’ (O’Connell, 1980). Furthermore, Horney’s essays challenged and disagreed with the Freudian concept of penis envy, female masochism and feminine personality development (Enns, 1989; Paris, 1998). In her 1926 paper on ‘The Flight from Womanhood’ Horney wrote ‘and that what women really envy is not the penis but the superior position of men in society’ (Horney, 1926, as cited in O’Connell, 1980, p. 85). On reflection of her early theories of feminine psychology, feminist ideologies are apparent. Horney attributed women’s feelings of inferiority to a patriarchal society of one-sided masculine bias which subordinates women to men (Eckardt, 2005). By voicing her concerns regarding gender-bias and gender role stereotyping; and that women should not be understood in terms of their difference and inferiority to men, she highlighted the feminist ideology of the need for men and women to have equal rights (Paris, 1989). However, although Horney’s essays were contentious and radical for her time, they were largely ignored. (Quinn, 2010). As Ingram (2001) suggests Horney tired of the disinterested