Joseph John Thomson, most commonly known as J.J. Thomson was born in a small suburb known as Cheetham Hills, Manchester on the 18/12/1856 and enrolled at Owens College, Manchester, in 1870, when he was 14. He then entered Trinity College, Cambridge as minor scholar in 1876, where he became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1880, when he was a “second wrangler” (coming second in a maths competition) and Second Smith’s Prizeman. He later became a lecturer in 1883 and Master in 1918 at Trinity College Cambridge. (Nobel Lectures , 1967).
During the 1800s, the field of Chemistry witnessed numerous breakthroughs such as Dmitri Mendeleev publishing the original Periodic Table. The periodic table consists of eighteen columns and seven rows. There are
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Information gained by conducting these experiments, benefited our understanding of the structure of an atom. One of the main devices used to gain the relevant information was a cathode ray tube. (Chang, 1998)
A cathode ray tube is made of glass and does not contain any air, a vacuum. A cathode ray tube function, when two metal plates are connected, to high-voltage source, which makes the negatively charged plate, known as the cathode, emit an invisible ray. The cathode draws towards the anode (positive and negative attract towards each other), where it passes through a hole in the tube and continues towards the end of the tube. When the ray strikes the specifically coated surface it releases, florescent or a bright light. (Chang, 1998)
In some instances, scientists who conducted experiments with the cathode ray tube would include magnets to the outside of the cathode ray tube. When the magnetic field functions and the electric field is neutralised, the ray will strike point A. When the electric field functions and the magnetic field is neutralised, the ray will strike point C. Nevertheless, when both the fields are active (balanced) or the fields are disabled, the ray will strike point B as the magnet and electric fields cancel each other’s
In 1895, Professor Wilhelm C. Roentgen, a German physicist, was working with a cathode ray tube, much like our fluorescent light bulb. The tube consisted of positive and negative electrodes encapsulated in a glass envelope. On November 8, 1895, Roentgen was conducting experiments in his lab on the effects of cathode rays. He evacuated all the air from the tube and passed a high electric voltage through it after filling it with a special gas. When he did this, the tube began to give off a fluorescent glow. Roentgen then shielded the tube with heavy black paper and discovered a green colored fluorescent light could be seen coming from a screen located a few feet away from the tube.
Physicist in the 1900 first started to consider the structure of atoms. The recent discovery of J. J. Thomson of the negatively charged electron implied that a neutral atom must also contain an opposite positive charge. In 1903 Thomson had suggested that the atom was a sphere of uniform positive electrification , with electrons scattered across it like plum in an pudding. (Later known as the Plum Pudding Model)
Has anyone ever heard of a man Dmitri Mendeleev? As you may know, he is the man who created the Periodic Table . Besides, creating the Periodic Table, Mendeleev is also known for many other great accomplishments. Creating the Periodic Table wasn’t the only thing Dmitri was famous for.
Although some of the elements have been known for thousands of years, our understanding of many elements is still young. Mendeleev’s first Periodic Table contained only 63 elements, and about that many were discovered in the following 100 years. Just like countries, emperors, philosophers, and cities, elements have histories, too.“The Disappearing spoon” by Sam Kean, is a detailed history of the elements on the Periodic Table. Kean does a important job of telling every single element’s journey throughout the history of mankind: from the earliest times, when chemistry was intermingled with alchemy, to these days of modern chemistry. For example: Thallium is considered the deadliest element, pretending to be potassium to gain entry into our cells where it then breaks amino acid bonds within proteins. The CIA once developed a plan to poison Fidel Castro by dosing his socks with thallium-tainted
O'Connor, J. J., and E. F. Robinson. "Hopper Biography." MacTutor History of Mathematics. University of St Andrews, July 1999. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. .
After being educated at Trinity College Dublin he moved to Queens University in Dublin where he worked as the Secretary of the Administrative Headquarters of the Queens Colleges. It was then when he produced his most important conceptions and calculations. His particular theory was that electrical charges in atoms are comprised of negatives which he would call electrons. He calculated the magnitude of a particle of electricity, or Stoney Unit which he would later name the electron in one of his papers in the Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society in 1891. The path taken to get to Stoney Units utilized the Stoney Scale which was the mathematical equation he developed to get his desired answer when
physics. The work of Ernest Rutherford, H. G. J. Moseley, and Niels Bohr on atomic
In 1907, Einstein used Planck’s hypothesis of quantization to explain why the temperature of a solid changed by different amounts if you put the same amount of heat into the material. Since the early 1800’s, the science of spectroscopy had shown that different elements emit and absorb specific colors of light called “spectral lines.” In 1888, Johannes Rydberg derived an equation that described the spectral lines emitted by hydrogen, though nobody could explain why the equation worked. This changed in 1913 when Danish physicist Niel Bohr applied Planck’s hypothesis of quantization to Ernest Rutherford’s 1911 “planetary” model of the atom, which affirmed that electrons orbited the nucleus the same way that planets orbit the sun. Bohr offered an explanation for why electrical attraction does not make the electrons spiral into the nucleus. He said that electrons in atoms can change their energy only by absorbing or emitting quanta. When an electron absorbs a quantum it moves quickly to orbit farther from nucleus. When an electron emits a quantum the electron jumps to a closer
The Atomic Theory began in roughly 400BC with Democritus in Ancient Greece and is universally believed to be correct today. Democritus who was born in 460 BC and died 370 BC and is known as the father of modern science. Democritus proclaimed that everything is made up of atoms. He continued his theory to say that atoms will always be in motion, between atoms there is empty space, atoms are unbreakable, there are an infinite number of atoms all different sizes and shapes. He also said that iron atoms are solid and strong and have hooks to lock them together, water atoms are smooth and slippery, salt atoms have sharp jagged edges because of its taste and air atoms are light and spiralling.
Dalton was the first person to develop a scientific atom theory, the ancient Greeks had ideas about the atom but could not prove it scientifically.
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered radiation which is also known as x-ray in 1895. Radiation is energy turned into waves or particles in
The Periodic Table of Elements is commonly used today when studying elements. This table’s history begins in ancient times when Greek scientists first started discovering different elements. Over the years, many different forms of the periodic table have been made which set the basis for the modern table we use today. This table includes over 100 elements and are arranged by groups and periods. Groups being vertical columns and periods being horizontal columns. With all of the research conducted over the years and the organization of this table, it is easy to use when needed.
While living on campus at Glasgow University, the family often visited the Netherlands and Germany. They were also quite fond of the Island of Arran, which they often visited. Being so close to water, William Thomson developed a fascination for the sea and the earth’s crust as well. When he was only ten years old he began his studies at Glasgow University. During his years at this institution he received many prizes and awards. He then attended Cambridge University to achieve the credibility he desired. Shortly after, he travelled to Paris to further study thermodynamics. When he was twenty-two, he became a professor of natural philosophy at Glasgow University. There he created a laboratory for physics students to actually experiment instead of just reading about physics in theory (Russell).
Scientists from earlier times helped influence the discoveries that lead to the development of atomic energy. In the late 1800’s, Dalton created the Atomic Theory which explains atoms, elements and compounds (Henderson 1). This was important to the study of and understanding of atoms to future scientists. The Atomic Theory was a list of scientific laws regarding atoms and their potential abilities. Roentagen, used Dalton’s findings and discovered x-rays which could pass through solid objects (Henderson 1). Although he did not discover radiation from the x-rays, he did help lay the foundations for electromagnetic waves. Shortly after Roentagen’s findings, J.J. Thompson discovered the electron which was responsible for defining the atom’s characteristics (Henderson 2). The electron helped scientists uncover why an atom responds to reactions the way it does and how it received its “personality”. Dalton’s, Roentagen’s and Thompson’s findings helped guide other scientists to discovering the uses of atomic energy and reactions. Such applications were discovered in the early 1900’s by using Einstein’s equation, which stated that if a chain reaction occurred, cheap, reliable energy could b...
Burton, D. (2011). The History of Mathematics: An Introduction. (Seventh Ed.) New York, NY. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.