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Colonization in the Americas
Colonization in the Americas
Colonization in the Americas
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Tom Nowakowski
11/13/14
HI-324
Dr. Schandler
Hernando Pizarro on the Conquest of the Incas
This is a source from Francisco Pizarro’s brother, Hernando Pizarro. Both Francisco and Hernando were Spanish conquistadors known for their conquest of the Inca Empire in the 16th c. This source provides a description of the Pizarro brother's travels throughout the empire, along with their observations and thoughts about Incan society, and the current status quo of the Amerindian empire. In addition, it seeks to provide an accurate account of their explorations to counteract the false narratives that have been told to Spanish authorities.
Hernando begins this source by stating this his brother established the settlement
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Both conquistadors came with a lust for gold and other precious metals; this was not only for their own personal gain but also for that of the empire’s state coffers. The origin for this obsession with New World gold had begun earlier though, beginning with Columbus’ insatiable appetite for the precious metal. Both conquistadors came with a mission to claim lands for their king, as they believed that their king was entitled to all the lands of the world. Both conquistadors sought to convert local populations to Christianity; they looked upon native religions as nothing than immoral polytheistic practices. Therefore, they thought that they had the duty to guide them to what they perceived to be the correct religion. This meant officially stamping out native religious practices and committing actions like destroying temple statues and burning their holy books. In addition, the colonizers carried out the construction of Christian churches, along with mission centers whose job it was to convert the local native populations. Additionally, both conquistadors were utterly ruthless if their demands were not met; this included employing the use of multiple violent tactics to assert their …show more content…
The Pizarro brothers deemed their actions to be justifiable in the name of the crown; this included the desire to secure lands and gold for the crown, and to convert those who weren’t Christian. Along the way, Hernando Pizarro documented many aspects of the new lands he explored, including their geography, people, customs, and cultures. These explorations only motivated the Spanish for more conquest and more gold, resources, and labor. They would not be satisfied under they could dominate as much of the New World as they could. They were determined to achieve such an aspiration through virtually any means possible, even if that meant violence. In turn, this influenced other European powers to do the same, including in what’s now the United States. Early New World expeditions and conquests like those of the Pizarro brothers effectively sealed the New World’s
In 1518 Hernán Cortés took command of an expedition to secure the interior of Mexico in the name of the Spanish Crown. In the letters he detailed his expedition and the land and peoples they conquered and encountered. The first letter, dated 1519, is a problematic document as it is written in the third person and was most likely not actually wire by cortez. The second and third letters are much more reliable and were published in Seville in 1522 and 1523 respectively. The culture, geography, economy and other details of the Aztec civilization, as well as Cortés and his forces’ interaction with them, are detailed in his letters which are addressed to the monarch of the sponsor of his force, Spain. In his letters Cortés also gave justification and explanation of the actions he took in Mexico.
From this short blurbs of what is said about the west they make inferences of what it is like, and how can it be possible for another land mass to be unknown to many for so long. But for those who do know what is past the Atlantic know that this Agenda of the King and Queen must be fulfilled and to do so would be to claim land for Spain for it to be settled upon. On top of that is to further collect riches of the Americas to benefit Spain in conquest of the Americas. Bartolome de las casas had hoped to prevent further harm to Indians, and clarify that they were not barbarians.
Varner, John G. and Jeanette Varner., trans., ed. The Florida of the Inca. Austin: U of Texas P, 1951.
The discovery and conquest of American Indians inspired efforts to develop an ideology that could justify why they needed to enslave the Indians. The Spanish monarch wanted an ideal empire. "A universal empire, of which all their subjects were but servants. Charles V remained for them the dominus mundi, the legitimate and God-ordained lord of the world." (Weckmann, The Transit of Civilization, 23) Gold and religious conversion was the two most important inspirations for conquistadors in conquering America. Father Bartolome De Las Casas was a Dominican priest who came to the New World to convert the Indians to become Christians. He spent forty years on Hispanolia and nearby islands, and saw how the Spaniards brutally treated the Indians and sympathized with them. The Devastation of the Indies was an actual eyewitness account of the genocide by Las Casas, and his group of Dominican friars in which he demonizes the Spanish colonists and praises the Indians. Father Las Casas returned to Seville, where he published his book that caused an on going debate on whether the suppression of the Indians corrupted the Spaniards' values. What Las Casas was trying to achieve was the notion of human rights, that human beings are free and cogent by nature without the interference of others.
Columbus' original plan was to prove that early geographers were wrong and that the world was larger than computed (William Howarth). He had sponsorship from the King and Queen of Spain who were finally convinced by Columbus by his belief that he was a divine missionary, ordained by God to spread Christianity (P. J. Riga). When he got to the New World he had found that there was the possibility that there might be an abundance of gold, and gold was the commodity Columbus pursued with obsessive zeal (William Howarth). It would seem to be an item that he had a lust for more than anything. An elder on Tortuga described "within a hundred or more ...
The Inca Empire Janos Gyarmati’s Paria la Viexa and an expanding empire: Provincial centers in the political economy of the Inca Empire proved that the Inca’s built an empire unlike any other. From 1440 to 1532 A.D., the Inca Empire dominated the Americas. Known as “the fastest growing and largest territorial empire”(Gyarmati 37) of its time, the Inca Empire left a mark with their complex, perpetual and innovative economic, road, and settlement system. The Inca’s were advanced for their time, however, they lacked a system that would guarantee the survival of their kin. In order to strive, for the long-term, the Inca’s created provincial centers that would ensure their growth and economy for the generations to come.
Once settled down the English and Spanish went in two different directions in regard to their religion. The Spanish conquistadors’ and friars’ in the southwest wanted to spread christianity to anyone they could. The Spanish would conqueror Native American tribes and force christianity upon them. To the Spanish in the southwest they just wanted the Native Americans’ to have some type of Christian beliefs. The Puritans’ however were very strict about following their values. For instance, Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams were both banished from the colony for going against their official teachings. As well, as being less tolerate, the Puritans’ were not as aggressive as forcing their religion onto Native Americans’. Other than praying towns, the Puritans’ did not force their beliefs on to the Native Americans’ who lived around them. The Spanish on the other hand sought out Native Americans’ to convert them. The Spanish, after conquering a tribe or ransacking a village, would force the Native Americans’ to convert. If they refused they would use the encomienda system to convert them. The encomienda system was a Spanish practice, where they enslaved Native Americans who refused to convert to Christianity. The conquistadors’ would force them to mine gold and silver until death or conversion. How they Spanish and Puritans’ managed their religion reflected on how the two interacted with Natives. The two differed in their treatment toward Native Americans’ with the intimate relationships they had with them. In the southwest many Spaniards would marry Native American women and bear children called mestizos. In Massachusetts, however it was unheard of to have any type of intimate relations between whites and Native Americans.
Little is known about Pedro de Cieza de Leon’s youth. Historians have discovered that Pedro de Cieza de Leon was a Spaniard, a conquistador, and a writer of Peru’s history. Pedro de Cieza de Leon was not well educated and had only the most basic education from his local school parish (Atlantis). Although he did not have a superior education, his four part book is reliable because he wrote about what he observed as a conquistador. This document is full of interesting information for the reader to discover the Inca’s way of living.
The Spaniards arrived at the Americas prior to the English. The Spanish mainly wanted to explore in the first place because after the Black Death, the population increased, and thus, so did the frequency of commerce. There was a sudden new interest in new products and the new strong monarchs who sponsored the journeys wanted to be more affluent. Therefore, explorers such as Christopher Columbus attempted to go west to target Asia. However, he ended up on Cuba and called the natives Indians. The Spanish soon started to consider the Americas less of a blockage and could now see it as a source of resources. In 1518, Cortes arrived into Mexico with his group of conquistadors, or conquerors, which is a proper name because the men after gold exterminated native areas using their military skills, brutality and greed to turn the Southern America into a vast Spanish empire. The smallpox the Spanish unknowingly carried also helped wipe many people out. When they saw the religious ceremonies of the Aztecs that produced many skulls, they thought of these people as savages and not entirely human. This of coarse was quite hypocritical because the Spanish have killed before during the Inquisition for their faith. It was this contempt that made them think it was all right to slaughter the natives. Spanish colonies were established when conquistadors had gotten a license to finance the expedition from the crown to fixture encomiendas. These encomiendas were basically Indian villages that became a source of labor. The Spanish dreamed of becoming wealthier from South America, but they also wanted a profitable agricultural economy and to spread their Catholic religion (the Pueblo Indians converted to Christianity), which became very important in the 1540s.
He was born into a family who struggled to support him in many different respects. Sadly, they were unable to provide Pizarro with the attention, finances, and education that he sought to have. Because of his unfortunate circumstances, he took care of pigs, something he never enjoyed and just did for some money. He eventually started to participate in more activities of his own interest. He joined the spanish army as a teen, which helped him learn skills related to fighting. In 1510 Pizarro went on an expedition with Alonso de Ojeda and 300 other settlers. On the expedition they established a colony named San Sebastian. Throughout the expedition many men were dying due to starvation, illnesses, and native attacks. About a year after, Pizarro started to gain wealth and befriended Diego de Almagro, finally setting sail on another expedition to South America. On their trip they found an abundance of gold and took it for themselves. After coming back from that expedition with Almagro, Pizarro heard of the Inca empire and how it was had many riches. Consequently, he went to go scout it out. After coming back, he got permission to be governor of new founded land. His next goal was to gain wealth and land. The first step of action he took was to set up a meeting with the Inca leader, Atahualpa. Atahualpa was underprepared for what was coming his way. When Pizarro arrived, he killed him and conquered the Inca
The conquest of the America's started with, basically , the pursuit of better trade and possibly more lands. When they found the Natives, friendly and wonderful, word got back about the Paradise which the men had found. However, word spread that such a place could be almost Satanic. Therefore, soon they started to see the Natives as demons which either had to be converted to had to be destroyed. By reading the "Requirmiento" in Spanish to the non-Spanish Indians, basically bypassed the conversion part and went straight to the "destroy" stage. Many of the leaders of these expeditions felt that it was God's will that these people were so easy to kill and take over to make them slaves. Since the American Indians opened their arms to the Europeans, it showed that they were weaker and more naive.
In this essay I will tell how the Aztec and Inca empires ended, and also I will compare the fall of both empires, using for a point of departure the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the land of Mexico. Wherever the Spanish went always the same thing happened, from my point of view. Innocent people were killed for no good reason, cities were massacred, civilizations were destroyed or forced to convert to Christianity. And so, I think now is the time to reevaluate the actions of the European explorers who subjugated the native American peoples and their civilizations. Undoubtedly the most glorified and heroically portrayed of these figures of the European conquest of the New World were the conquistadors, the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16-th century. These men, under leaders such as Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizzaro nearly eliminated the Aztec and Inca peoples. Surely many of these soldiers were extremely cruel and intolerant of the native populations. But it is important to consider, with the push of both sides toward territorial expansion, how these groups (European and American) could remain isolated from each other. Furthermore, with meeting of these two imperialist cultures, it must be considered whether it would be possible for the two to peacefully coexist.
As a critical reader, it is easy to see that, along with the intention of spreading the word of God, there were obvious ulterior motives. These motives included the justification of the rape, murder and pillaging of native settlements. On their trek to Mexico, Montezuma sent continuous waves of Aztec warriors to intercept the Spaniards and ensure they did not make it to the Aztec capital. In the conquistador’s defense, they were soldiers and they were an army so they had to do what was necessary to defend themselves. Cortes was also able to use somewhat of a psychological warfare strategy as well. In the chapter “The March to Mexico” Diaz says “ In less than two hours our Tlascalan allies, who as I have said had remained in the fields, arrived after fighting a tough battle in the streets, where the Cholulans had posted other companies to defend the town and prevent their entrance, which had been quickly defeated however”(Diaz, 199). Cortes quickly realized that there were hostilities between the native tribes. When we would reach a village that was peaceful, he would make an alliance and tell them that he would help engage in battle and defeat their rival tribe. This worked very well and helped with the conquistadors march to the capital
In the 1400’s European countries had been thrusted into overseas expansion in the fever for land and gold. All throughout Europe, monarchies had sent explorers all over the world to conquer land for their country. Each country had conquered and colonized in various styles, but each had a specific goal that they wanted to achieve. During the European colonization of the Americas or the New World, both the Spanish and the French spread the idea of Catholicism throughout the Americas, however the Spanish believed in treating the Native Americans in a harsher way by enslaving them for labor whereas the French established trade relationships.
From 711-1492, Christian Spaniards lived under Moorish rule until eventually, the Christian Kingdoms took over during the Reconquista. The conflicts between the Muslims and Christians created a militaristic culture in Spain that surpassed that of any other European nation. Furthermore, being trained militarily was often exclusively attributed to the nobility however, in Spain, “many young men knew these skills and used them to their advantage.” Without a doubt, recently reconquering their homeland motivated the Spanish to a basis for expansion and conquest that most other European societies were lacking. In addition, the voyages of Christopher Columbus led to discovering the New World which undoubtedly contributed to added interest in conquest. Eventually, each conquest further raised Spanish hopes for fame and