People incorporate inflammation whenever there is a presence of pain, swelling, or redness to a person’s body part. Inflammation gives a sign that there is an infection or tissue damage. Inflammations is part of human’s defensive response whenever their body is injured or invaded by small organism like germs and viruses. This response was then distinguished as a branch of immune system. Scientists discovered that the inflammatory response is due to the molecular structure known as the inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are molecular structure that have white blood cells, which contains macrophages; macrophages spits out protein that immobilize and weaken the microbes (Mehal 2015). Based on the study, inflammasomes can be found in every part of our body. The most common inflammasome that can be found in our body is NLRP3. For each inflammasome to be active, it has to be triggered by invaders. The concern about inflammasome is it contributes a wide range of diseases. …show more content…
As mentioned, inflammasomes helps to fight back against microbes from invading or high-jacking our body; however, there are some rare occasions that the inflammasome stay active for too long and if there’s too much inflammasome, which can harm a person. The problem about inflammasome is when they stayed active for too long because it can put more damage to the tissue or to the person’s injury; it usually disassembled within the day of the injury (Mehal 2015). Some of disease contributed by inflammasome are atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and many more. One specific inflammasome known as NLRP3 can cause asbestos in the lungs or uric acid in the joints (Mehal 2015). Another astounding discovery is that eating too much can trigger an inflammatory response. As a result, scientists conducts experiments on how our body to produce inflammasome to prevent the disease from
Atherosclerosis begins when the inner wall of the artery becomes damaged and cholesterol and fatty plaques begin to lodge in the arteries. Damage to the endothelial wall inside the artery can be caused by hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia (“Subclinical Atherosclerosis..” 443). When this happens, the immune system responds by sending monocytes to the damaged area. The monocytes turn into macrophages; their job is to eat up the excess cholesterol and unblock the artery. The macrophages are unable to digest all of the cholesterol, and as a result turn in to foam cells. When many macrophages are turned into foam cells, plaque results, and protrudes into the arterial wall, restricting blood flow and raising blood pressure (“Atherosclerosis Growth Process.” 8). If the plaque becomes too large it may break, releasing plaque into the blood. This can cause a great reduction in blood flow or a clot, resulting in stroke or myocardial infarction (“Stroke Risk.” 3).
There are two different parts of the immune system. Innate immunity is the more general type; for this reason it is also called the nonspecific res...
Capriotti & Frizzell (2016) explain that sepsis is often seen in those who have a weak immune system. These individuals are at an increased risk of developing sepsis from microorganisms that a healthy immune system would normally fight off (Capriotti et al. 2016). The elderly, infants, and immunosuppressed patients are the most at risk for developing the condition (Capriotti et al. 2016). Sepsis can be caused by any microbe, but is most often caused by bacteria (Capriotti et al. 2016). Since sepsis has such a broad reach and can develop as a secondary infection after an initial injury or illness, Capriotti & Frizzell (2016) further explain the di...
The process of inflammation contributed by endothelial cells starts with endothelial hyperpermeability when mediated by inflammatory agonists. The increase in permeability allows for transendothelial migration for cells like leukocytes.
The immune system, which is composed of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, is the body’s innate defense against foreign particles that may show to be harmful or infectious to us. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks potentially dangerous organisms and substances that invade our systems. (Durani, Y., 2012) The immune system’s key players include leukocytes, the lymphoid organs, and the lymphatic vessels. Leukocytes are white blood cells that recognize and destroy the harmful invaders. Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) make and/or store the leukocytes, and lymphatic vessels are a network of tissues that allow for the leukocytes to circulate through blood or the various lymphoid organs. (Durani, Y., 2012)
In some diseases, the inflammation is clearly an immune reaction, the body's defense against invading microorganisms. In others, the cause is different or unknown. Infectious Arthritis This disease is most common in young adults. Infection in a joint is usually caused by bacteria or other microorganisms that invade the joint from its blood vessels.
Understanding the pathogenesis of asthma is a solution to creating treatments that are more effective. “For more than two decades now, asthma has been recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease involving inflammation of both the central and peripheral airways” (Tulic 71). This chronic inflammation results in structural changes in the airways of the asthmatic patient, referred to as airway remodeling. Airway remodeling is the cause of the symptoms seen in asthmatics during an attack like severe dyspnea, wheezing or difficulty in expiration (Kumar and Robbins 492). There are five major aspects of the body affected by asthma, mostly due to chronic infl...
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart and other parts of your body. It develops by the accumulation of excess Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial wall causing damage to the vascular endothelium which increases expression of adhesion molecules that latch onto monocytes and T cells and decreases the ability of the endothelial cells to release Nitric oxide (NO). Monocytes and LDL accumulates at the site of injury then penetrates the intima where monocytes differenciate to become macrophages and the ...
The immune system is composed of two parts, the innate and acquired, which respond to antigens present in the body. The innate side is the first line of defense against antigens and matures in the thymus. An antigen that produces an immune response are called immunogens (Delves and Roitt, 2000). A mechanism used in defense by the innate side is inflammation, cytokines in this process that are pro-inflammatory include IL-1ß, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (Meyer, 2013). The acquired side is slower in response and matures in the bone marrow. Both cells start in the bone marrow, but T-cells migrate to the thymus, as thymocytes, at an early stage to finish maturation; if the thymocytes do no complete their journey to the thymus they die by performing apoptosis (Parkin and Cohen,
Chronic bronchitis is a disorder that causes inflammation to the airway, mainly the bronchial tubules. It produces a chronic cough that lasts three consecutive months for more than two successive years (Vijayan,2013). Chronic Bronchitis is a member of the COPD family and is prominently seen in cigarette smokers. Other factors such as air pollutants, Asbestos, and working in coal mines contributes to inflammation. Once the irritant comes in contact with the mucosa of the bronchi it alters the composition causing hyperplasia of the glands and producing excessive sputum (Viayan,2013). Goblet cells also enlarge to contribute to the excessive secretion of sputum. This effects the cilia that carry out the mechanism of trapping foreign bodies to allow it to be expelled in the sputum, which are now damaged by the irritant making it impossible for the person to clear their airway. Since the mechanism of airway clearance is ineffective, the secretion builds up a thickened wall of the bronchioles causing constriction and increasing the work of breathing. The excessive build up of mucous could set up pneumonia. The alveoli are also damaged enabling the macrophages to eliminate bacteria putting the patient at risk for acquiring an infection.
The innate immune system gets its name and function from being with us from the beginning of our lives (“Introduction to Immunology Tutorial…”, 2000). What I mean by this is that there are certain barriers that immediately know when a foreign invader has entered the body, and the body will respond quickly to that foreign invasion. External barriers include the skin, and the workings of the mucous membranes in body openings. Inside an individual’s body, we find there are several white blood cells, which are called defensive cells, and certain substances
IN CONCLUSION, we can say that stress produces hormones (particularly glucocorticoids) which have a negative impact on the immune system when our bodies are exposed to them for a long period of time. However, when our immune system is exposed to particular stressors for a shorter period of time it may actually have a positive effect on our immune system and actually give it a “boost”. Stress in general has a major effect on our cytokines, natural killer cells and our T-lymphocytes, as they are most sensitive to the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids. The Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor is one of the main reasons why our immune systems become hypersensitive to any allergens, when our bodies produce glucocorticoids. Stress therefore does have quite a large effect on our immune system and our body’s ability to fight disease.
One of the most common mysteries in the world is the development of autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease is when the immune system, which usually keeps your body healthy thinks that your healthy cells are antigens and attacks them. This is irony right? It is against properties of evolution for an immune system to attack itself causing sickness and possibly death if untreated. There are about 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, which usually have periods of little to no symptoms and worsening symptoms. What particularly creates confusion in the world is the autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, which affects almost about five million people worldwide.