Research essay on India
India is located in the largest continent of the world which is Asia. Indian is the seventh largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, Us, China, Australia and Brazil extending over 32,87,263 sq.km and also India is the second largest population country, around 16 percent of world’s population (indian geography, 2016). According to Indian geography, India accounts for 2.42 percent of total world area (indian geography, 2016). The mainland extends from latitude 8º4’ north to 37º6’ north and from longitude 68º7’ east to 97º25’ east (indian geography, 2016). India stretches 3,214km from north to south and 2,933km from east to west (indian geography, 2016).
In a simple
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Indian architecture can classify in to different stage. Major classification are as followings.
a) Indus valley civilization (3300 BC-1700 BC), it is the part of bronze age civilization well and drainage system at Lothal, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are UNESCO world heritage site. Asshardham temple in Delhi, Ajanta-Ellora Indian legent architecture (Ancient Indian Architecture, 2017).
b) Post Maha Jana Padas period (600BC-200AD), Sanchi stupa in mauryan art and budhust rock-cut architecture in satavahana era, vishwanatha temple, art khajuraho are example of ancient Indian architecture (Ancient Indian Architecture, 2017).
c) High middle age (200-1526), Nalanda and Valabhi, kalinga architecture, Dravielian architecture are example of this time (Ancient Indian Architecture, 2017).
d) Indo- Islamic Architecture (1500-1947), qutab Minar, Asfi Mosque, lucknow, Tajmahal, Charminar are example of this age (Ancient Indian Architecture, 2017).
e) Sikh Architecture, golden temple (Harmandir Sahib) is a golden example for Sikh architecture (Ancient Indian Architecture, 2017).
f) Europeans colonial architecture became an emblem of
Schreiber, Stephen D. “Engineering Feats of the Anasazi: Buildings, Roads, and Dams.” In Anasazi Architecture and American Design, ed. Baker H. Morrow and V.B. Price, 77-87. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997.
The wooden lintels, writing, and the unique calendar reveal clues about life in a society that thrived for over 1000 years. Many massive building are visible today, those built to pay tribute to kings and to please the deities. The M...
Stratton, E. (2002). The evolution of Indian stupa architecture in east Asia. New Delhi: Vedams.
(Image taken from Tranchtenberg, Marvin, Isabelle Hyman. Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity. Second Edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey: 2002.)
These include ball courts, palaces, tombs, temples, and pyramids (Klobuchar 5). These were frequently built of limestone (Foster 26). Although limestone was used periodically to build, the common houses weren’t built using this as they were far more simplistic than the pyramids they built. While they weren’t complex, the common houses were far from shabby as they had a pole framework with a thatched roof and daub walls made from an adobe coated sticks constructed similar to a lattice (“Maya Architecture”).
The history of Architecture started long time ago. The nomadic were groups of people whom move from one place to another in order find shelter and food to survive. As they progress, their techniques to survive evolve. The need for a permanent shelter became vital for a better stability of the group. This is the time when the first structures that provided protection appeared. Post and lintel were the first forms of Architecture, that satisficed the basic needs. Architecture evolved to be more sophisticated and fulfill the people’s needs. Consequently, Architecture evolved throughout different periods such as: Ancient architecture, Romanesque, The medieval, Renaissance, Early modern, and the industrial age, Modernism and Contemporary architecture. During the Medieval period a style of Architecture named Gothic Architecture was very notorious. The concept of this type of Architecture still continuous now days, in the city of Los Angeles many building have taken this concept of Gothic Architectural Style and have developed to a new level of experience and expression. Some of them have recreated in a modern way the features of the physical aspects of this style. Other structures have taken this concept beyond the physical features and used the emotional concept behind Gothic Style to connect people feelings with magnificent elements of the Cathedrals.
Another artistry that was visualized within the Epic was Sumerian architecture. There was mention of the walls in Uruk. "In Uruk he built walls...The outer wall where the cornice runs...the inner wall has...
"...the Egyptians made their complex heirachy of Gods, and their strange religion. In the service of that religion they made their architecture" (Romer: 75,1982).
...re that was most unique to the Early Dynastic period was the oval enclosure with a centralized platform to lend stability to the shrine. Storage were found near the enclosure. The Temple Oval at Khafaje best exemplifies the unique formation of the oval enclosure in the temples. This enclosure had a double perimeter wall present which was highly unusual for enclosures. Another oval temple was found that Tell al Ubaid, which had a rectangular platform in the center. In the front of this platform there were elaborate decorations, which were belived to have fallen from the façade of the temple which had stood on the platform. Besides these oval temples there were also plans of temples with a number of single or double roomed shrines, one noteworthy temple is from Tell Chuera in North Syria. This design plan yields a closer resemblance to the west and megaron buildings.
A manifesto by definition is “a declaration of policy and aims” so taken from this description, an architectural manifesto would be the ideas of the architect. The new project for history is to come up with our own Manifesto, before one can do this, research needs to be done and examples must be looked at. So this essay will look at the process of creating a manifesto and the essay will also discuss other architectural manifestos which were used as inspiration for me to create my own manifesto.
In the following essay, I will be comparing and contrasting to architectural pieces by the Indians. The first is the Taj Mahal, a building constructed from white marble that took seventeen years to build in honor of Shah Jahan’s wife, Mumtaz Mahal (Z. Haq). This piece of architectural beauty belonged to the Mughal’s, the Muslim emperors in India (Z. Haq). The second is the Great Stupa at Sanchi, a holy, dome shaped structure that covers the body of the Buddha in honor of him and his contributions to Buddhism (Fischer, Julia). Furthermore, this structure was made of ruins, rocks, mud, and covered in bricks (Fischer, Julia). Both pieces of architecture are significant to the Indians, however they do contrast in some ways.
The travel website, Taj Mahal, illustrates the origins of this monument. It was constructed to serve as a memorial and tomb for Mumtaz Mahal, the deceased wife of the emperor Shah Jahan (Taj Mahal, 2008). Before her death, while birthing Shah Jahan’s fourteenth child, she requested Jahan build a monument to honor her as stated by the Taj Mahal website (Taj Mahal, 2008). In 1631, construction began, and was finally completed twenty-two years later (Taj Mahal, 2008). Twenty-two thousand workers labored in constructing the monument bringing materials by elephant from many parts of Asia (Taj Mahal, 2008). The web site Islamic Architecture lists the Iranian architect Ustad Ahmed Lahwari as the key designer of the structure; however other architects played prominent roles in the monument’s design (Organization, 1995-2003).Over time, the esti...
Every person with a job, no matter what occupation, makes an impact on society in some way, shape, or form. Some people leave their legacy by defending people in court, some saving lives in a hospital, and others planning and building works of construction. These planners have a large-scale effect on everybody in society and have an eye for detail, as well as enjoy using mathematics to ensure proper construction. That is why I have chosen architecture to be my career. An architect is a person who designs buildings and supervises their construction. A broader view of an architect is a person who is responsible for inventing or realizing a particular idea or project. Architecture varies from the pillars of the Greek Parthenon, to peoples’ homes. I often find myself marveling over the design of large-scale building projects such as the skyscrapers of New York City. Most of these buildings belong to a myriad of well-known companies such as Chase and Toshiba. That is why I have particularly chosen to become a commercial architect.