Water hydraulics is not new in the evolution of technology. The world’s first scientist, in The Greek Thales motivates further research on water when he declared water is a substance rather than a mystic gift from the gods. After that Aristotle declared water a continuum which all of hydraulics is based on the fact what happens at point A is transmitted to point B. Start from the era, many devices based on practical expressions of the hydraulic principles had been made by Ktesibios which comes from Alexandria and he is not from Greek colony. Around of the era, Archimedes was the first person to state that the existence of a pressure gradient was essential to flow. Archimedes also verifies that the effect of a disturbance in a closed system …show more content…
The combinations of these words give mean in simple English which water in pipes. The hydraulics involved the study of physical behaviour of water at rest and in motion. Ancient technology shows that water is used for power producing by water wheels get from the energy potential in the flowing water. The principle of hydraulics is converting the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. However this early use of fluid power required a lot of movement by fluids. It is because they only have low pressure provided by nature without any additional equipment to increase the pressure. (Doddannavar & Barnard, …show more content…
First type is hydrostatic system where the force is applied to a confined liquid and the pressure from the activity is used to transmit the power. The oil is kept in a confined space for example in the reservoir, through the pump, pipes and into the cylinder. The load or force comes from the pressurized hydraulic fluid in the confined spaced through the cylinder. The power in the system is performed by hydrostatic transmission and this is referred to as hydrostatic system. Second type of fluid power is hydrodynamic system. Hydrodynamic system is referred to kinetic energy of the liquid is used to transmit power. Example of the hydrodynamic system is hydraulic fluid pumped by a motor and wheel driven by the kinetic energy of the fluid passing on by the fluid that go on the blades of the wheel. (Ilango & Soundararajan, 2007)
2.1.2 Advantages of fluid power
Water greatly affected technological, economic, political, and legal developments. Technology has to advance in order to get more water while the economy, politics, and laws began to change due to the need for more water, and to this day it has had a lasting effect. Water will always play a major role in our past, present, and future.
This law, known as Gay-Lussac’s law, observes the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas. Contrary to its name, this relationship was actually discovered by French scientific instrument inventor and physicist Guillaume Amontons, and is occasionally referred to Amontons’ Law of Pressure-Temperature. While Guy-Lussac did explore the temperature-pressure relationship, Guy-Lussac’s law is usually used to refer to the law of combining volumes. Amontons stubble across this relationship when he was building an “air thermometer.” Although not many have been able identify his exact method of experimentation, later scientist developed an apparatus in which consisted of pressure gauge and a metal sphere. These two pieces were then attached and submerged in solutions of varying temperatures. From Amontons’ and Guy-Lussac’s research and experimentation, they determined that pressure and volume had direct relationship; as one increased, the other increased. The quotient of pressure and temperature was then found to equal a constant, in which just like Boyle’s law, could be used to find one of the two variables at another pressure or temperature, given one of the variables and that the other conditions remain the same. Instead of using various solutions at different temperatures like in the experiment describe above, many experiments today utilize a solution in which the temperature is increased or decrease, such as in the following
Bernoulli’s principle is the concept that as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases. This principle was originally formulated in 1738 by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in a steadily flowing ...
John Dalton was born on September 6 1766 at Eagelsfield, Cumbria in England.Although he was born in England, he spent most of his life in Manchester.He was born into a Quaker family and while his family had food, they were still poor. His father Joseph was a weaver and John recieved most of his early education from his father. At the age of 12, John opened a school in Eagelsfield where he was the master. He was often threatened by the older boys who wanted to fight him because he was smarter, but he managed to keep in control for 2 years.Due to a poor salary, John was forced to leave his school and work in the fields with his brother. In 1781 John and his brother moved to Kendall. There John, his cousin George, and his brother ran a school where they offered English,Latin,Greek,French and twenty one mathematics and science course. Their school had sixty pupils. After twelve years at Kendall John started doing lectures and answering questions for mens magazines. John found a mentor in John Gough,who was the blind son of a wealthy tradesman. John Gough taught Dalton languages,mathematics,and optics. In 1973 John moved to Manchester as a tutor at New College. He immediately joined the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and in the same year he published his first book: Meteorological Observations and Essays. In his book Dalton stated that gas exits and acts independantly and purely physically not chemically. After six years of tutoring, John resigned to conduct private research while still doing tutoring at 2 shillings a lesson. In 1802 John stated his law of partial pressures. When two elastic fluids are mixed together ( A and B) they dont repel each other. A particles do not repel B particles but a B particle will repel another B particle. One of his experiments involved the addition of water vapor to dry air. The increase in pressure was the same as the pressure of the added water. By doing this experiment, John established a relationship between vapor pressure and temperature. John’s interest in gases arose from his studies of meteorology. He had weather equipment that was with him at all times and he was constantly studying weather and atmosphere. He also kept a journal throughout his life in which he wrote over 200,000 observations. In 1803, John made his biggest contribution to science: The Atomic Theory.
Background Knowledge -------------------- Pressure The three scientists Boyle, Amontons and Charles investigated the relationship between gas, volume and temperature. Boyle discovered that for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional to its volume.
The spinning wheel is powered by the foot and is very time consuming. The way it worked was the water would turn the water wheel and then it would power the water frame. The water frame could do the work of around 10 people before it was invented. This leads to the problem of the water frame. If there were more water frames, then there were fewer people being able to work and earn money.
What is a water wheel? Many people ask about what a water wheel is used for and by the end of this essay they will be knowing more about this topic. The water wheels were invented in late 1870's. The chinese of the Eastern Han Dynasty used water wheels to crush grain in mills or power the piston-bellows in forging iron into cast iron("Waterwheel"). Waterwheels of ancient China had a positive impact on the society's balance of power, while impacting the economy in different ways, the environment was impacted very badly.
People have been using hydropower for centuries. Farmers have used water wheels to grind wheat into flour. They were usually placed by some source of water like a river. Then the water wheel picks up water that is flowing by buckets that are around the wheel.
Next, hydro-electricity is electricity produced by moving water, flowing past a turbine connected to a generator (“Hydropower”). According to Nationalgeographic.c...
Historically speaking, ancient inventors of Greek origin, mathematicians such as Archimedes of Syracuse, and Antiphon the Sophist, were the first to discover the basic elements that translated into what we now understand and have formed into the mathematical branch called calculus. Archimedes used infinite sequences of triangular areas to calculate the area of a parabolic segment, as an example of summation of an infinite series. He also used the Method of Exhaustion, invented by Antiphon, to approximate the area of a circle, as an example of early integration.
Slightly lower than fresh water, its density is slightly higher, its electrical conductivity is much higher, and it is slightly basic. we cannot used brine water for domestic purpose. So it is needed to convert it into soft water. In this paper we observe the techniques of softening water. Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of approximately 3.5%, or 35 parts per thousand. This means that for every 1 litre (1000 mL) of seawater there are 35 grams of salts (mostly, but not entirely, sodium chloride) dissolved in it.
Hydroelectric power seizes the buoyancy released from descending water. Two thousand years ago, Ancient Greeks utilized wooden water wheels to convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy because that’s all they had back then. However, in 1882, the first hydroelectric power plant was constructed in the United States using a fast flowing river. During that time, humans began to build dams to reserve water at the most suitable places or areas in order to best apply the power capacity. Engineering and structural changes have been increased in designing a more efficient hydroelectric power plant, but in order for that to happen they had to go through a very difficult process which can cause much conflict. (http://www.ems.psu.edu/~elsworth/courses/cause2003/finalprojects/vikingpaper.pdf)
Ever wonder how scientists figure out how long it takes for the radiation from a nuclear weapon to decay? This dilemma can be solved by calculus, which helps determine the rate of decay of the radioactive material. Calculus can aid people in many everyday situations, such as deciding how much fencing is needed to encompass a designated area. Finding how gravity affects certain objects is how calculus aids people who study Physics. Mechanics find calculus useful to determine rates of flow of fluids in a car. Numerous developments in mathematics by Ancient Greeks to Europeans led to the discovery of integral calculus, which is still expanding. The first mathematicians came from Egypt, where they discovered the rule for the volume of a pyramid and approximation of the area of a circle. Later, Greeks made tremendous discoveries. Archimedes extended the method of inscribed and circumscribed figures by means of heuristic, which are rules that are specific to a given problem and can therefore help guide the search. These arguments involved parallel slices of figures and the laws of the lever, the idea of a surface as made up of lines. Finding areas and volumes of figures by using conic section (a circle, point, hyperbola, etc.) and weighing infinitely thin slices of figures, an idea used in integral calculus today was also a discovery of Archimedes. One of Archimedes's major crucial discoveries for integral calculus was a limit that allows the "slices" of a figure to be infinitely thin. Another Greek, Euclid, developed ideas supporting the theory of calculus, but the logic basis was not sustained since infinity and continuity weren't established yet (Boyer 47). His one mistake in finding a definite integral was that it is not found by the sums of an infinite number of points, lines, or surfaces but by the limit of an infinite sequence (Boyer 47). These early discoveries aided Newton and Leibniz in the development of calculus. In the 17th century, people from all over Europe made numerous mathematics discoveries in the integral calculus field. Johannes Kepler "anticipat(ed) results found… in the integral calculus" (Boyer 109) with his summations. For instance, in his Astronomia nova, he formed a summation similar to integral calculus dealing with sine and cosine. F. B. Cavalieri expanded on Johannes Kepler's work on measuring volumes. Also, he "investigate[d] areas under the curve" ("Calculus (mathematics)") with what he called "indivisible magnitudes.
The 17th Century saw Napier, Briggs and others greatly extend the power of mathematics as a calculator science with his discovery of logarithms. Cavalieri made progress towards the calculus with his infinitesimal methods and Descartes added the power of algebraic methods to geometry. Euclid, who lived around 300 BC in Alexandria, first stated his five postulates in his book The Elements that forms the base for all of his later Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa al’Khwarizmi, was born abo...
In today's society we can't imagine our infrastructures without the help of civil engineers. It all started with the ancient civilizations. It started off with the Egyptians and the Mayans. In this essay I will discuss the history of civil engineering ,famous engineers and the prospects of engineering in the future years.