How Organism Learn: Classical and Operant Conditioning
There are two main explanations of how organisms learn. The first explanation is known as classical conditioning. The second explanation is known as operant conditioning. These two types of learning are exhibited in our everyday lives through our home, school, and school.
Classical conditioning was discovered by Iran Petrovich Pavlov. He was originally a physiologist whose main focus was the digestive system (Gazzaniga
230). His discovery was made during a study on the salivation of dogs when given food. Pavlov observed that the dogs began salivating at the sound of the scientists footsteps and at their appearance into the room (231). This led
Pavlov to study the phenomenon further.
The experiments that Pavlov was originally observing were based on the set of unconditioned stimulus and its unconditioned response. What is meant by conditioned is that the response is automatic and based on instinct. To compliment this name the stimulus is known as the unconditioned stimulus (Myers
260). With Pavlov's new observations a new set of stimulus and response was found. This new set is known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. What is meant by conditioned response here is that the response was learned. The stimulus begins as neutral and causes no conditioned response.
However, if the neutral stimulus can be associated with another stimulus, then it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Classical conditioning can be exemplified in the home, school, and school.
In the home a child could smell brownies baking in the kitchen which makes her mouth water. The brownies are the unconditioned stimulus, the smell is the conditioned stimulus, and the watering of the mouth is the conditioned response
(Myers 267-68). In work a man may be waiting to be fired. When he sees his boss he begins to sweat. The unconditioned stimulus is getting fired, the conditioned stimulus is the sight of the boss, the conditioned response is the sweating. In school a boy may be in class when suddenly the fire alarm goes off at which time the boy walks to exit the building. The unconditioned stimulus is fear of a fire, the conditioned stimulus is the sound of the alarm, and the conditioned response is the exiting of the building.
Operant conditioning is an organism's learning an association between how it behaves and what happens as a result of that behavior (Gazzaniga 244). There are some differences between classical and operant conditioning. First, the operant response has to occur completely spontaneously. In classical conditioning the conditioned response is drawn from an organism. In operant conditioning the response is delivered by the organism which then awaits the
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Operant conditioning is a type of learning in that an act is strengthened when followed by an incentive, whereas a behavior will be enfeeble when followed by a punishment. Operant conditioning is based on a simple theory that behavior is directly correlated by the consequences that follow it. Operant conditioning is broken into two parts of schedules of reinforcement: continuous and partial. Continuous schedules of reinforcement mean that every time a behavior is presented there is some kind of reinforcement that follows it. On the other hand, partial schedules of reinforcement occasionally provide some form of reinforcement
As a writer, a poet and a prominent activist of the civil rights movement, Langston Hughes was a man that was not only inspired by the world around him but used such inspiration to motivate others. Being that he was also one of the most influential writers during the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes held poetry demonstrations as a way to inspire and strived to be the voice of his people and the force to help the dreams of many to move forward. The idea of whether or not to pursue a dream is addressed in one of his poems where he asks “What happens to a dream deferred?” (Langston Hughes, Dreams Deferred). The style of writing in this poem takes the use of questions as a way to have the reader really ponder about a dream that is not pursued. In a sense, Hughes is trying to paint the picture that the dreams that people do not fight for eventually fade away. He uses this as a tactic to hopefully inspire others that dreams are worth fighting for and without them, what would we live for? The underlying tie that connected all of Hughes’s work together was achieved through his devotion to the realization of a certain dream deferr...
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only this, but Dickinson illustrates poetic skill in the unity of the poem. She makes her
I know how hard it can be to get up but, if you have a very loud dragon roaring for you to wake up, you will. We are going to train him with a different approach this time, that approach being classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. To help out with this process we are going to use an onion to our advantage. Since dragons naturally roar at the smell of onions we are going to use the onion as our unconditioned stimulus and his roar at the smell of them our unconditioned response. A conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus, that after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus(the smell of an onion and the alarm), eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response(Roaring). You are going to grab some onions and place them in front of the dragon so he can smell them, this will react as the unconditioned stimulus. As you place the onions near him, the smell will cause him to roar creating the unconditioned response. You will then grab your alarm clock and make the sound go off, your alarm is acting as the neutral stimulus. As a result of the a alarm going off there is not a single peep from the dragon creating another unconditioned response. While you are trying to condition your dragon with the sound of the alarm add the unconditioned stimulus (onions) and you will then hear your dragon
In Psychology there are many different learning styles. One of the more famous learning styles is operant conditioning. In operant conditioning there are two major concepts; reinforcement and punishment. By using these two concepts, behaviors can be encouraged or reduce a certain behavior. Next would be the different schedules of reinforcement that effect how often a behavior is likely to continue. Lastly the article goes on to state how behaviors can be shaped using these and other various methods.
Learning is the attainment of new information or knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that causes a fairly permanent change in behavior. There are several ways that a person or animal can learn, but no one theory is solely responsible for how they learn.
Learning in its most basic form is our minds associating one thing with another. Digging deeper reveals that there are trends in how human beings and animals learn by association, usually this is done by a brain connecting one event to another. The two different ways a brain tends to learn is through either classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus, and Operant Conditioning is learning by associating a response or behavior with a consequence. Knowing how people and animals learn is an important piece of knowledge if one is to help benefit the greater good.
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are different learning methods. The two methods have the word conditioning in common. What is conditioning? Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Both classical and operant conditioning are basic forms of learning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Manipulating reflexes does this. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. Operant conditioning deals with more cognitive thought process.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner was 18th century American psychologist and the founder of operant conditioning in learning. He believed that external force such as environment can affect an individual’s behavior. According to his theory, one must look at the reinforcement and the consequence in order to understand why organism’s behaved in certain ways. Skinner showed how rat can be used in operant conditioning in his laboratory.
Tragedy is an ever present part of life, whether it be illness, inability, death or anything else, it takes its toll on everyone. A very common tragedy found in literature and daily life is the loss of dreams, in Langston Hughes’s poem “A Dream Deferred” Hughes poses the question of what truly happens to a deferred dream: “What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up… Or fester like a sore… Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over...Or does it explode?” The outcome of lost dreams differs for each individual and their attitude. This is seen throughout America and also in The Sound And The Fury by William Faulkner and The House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros.
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Leadership; “a process in which an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal” (DuBrin, 2013 p. 3), is needed at all levels in an organisation and can be practiced by other roles who are not specifically assigned to a leadership role (DuBrin, 2013 p. 3). The role of a leader and the role of a manager are two very distinctive and dissimilar roles. The role of a leader is the ability to inspire, motivate and stimulate others to achieve tasks and activities whereas, a managers role is the ability to supervise and direct the effort and activities of subordinates to achieve organisational goals (Long, 2007 p.4). Although some managers can be thought to have leadership qualities, not all managers are perceived as leaders (Eidson, 2011, p.6). Leadership influences relationships between leaders and followers in a hope to obtain accomplishments of a common task or shared purpose. This component expresses the importance of leadership in organizations and the imperativeness of management adopting it. The following critique; analyses the verity that not all mangers are leaders, the difference between superior and dire leaders, the role differences of leaders and managers and the importance of managers adopting leadership skills, by evaluating and applying reference to theoretical concepts.
When I smelt one of my favorite foods, I immediately feel very hungry and I yell at my parents to see what they’re making and ran into the kitchen. The classical conditioning process for this example is an unconditioned response that will automatically have a response to it. The unconditioned stimulus for this example is when I smell one of my favorite foods. When I smelt one of my favorite foods and I yelled to my parents to see what they were making. That is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response `for this example is when I smelt one of my favorite foods I immediately felt