Geography:
The Heart of the Roman civilization is located on the Italian Peninsula.Italy is a peninsula located in Europe(It is shaped like a boot).
On the Northern borders of Italy is the Alps, a mountain range.The Alps are a good geographic feature that protects the peninsula from Invaders because of how steep and narrow the mountains are. Mt.Vesuvius is a Volcano located in the southern part of Italy and when is erupted in AD 79 it destroyed the Major Roman city of Pompeii.Generally Italy was full of Mountains, and there was another Mountain Range named the Apennines which stretched from the Alps to Sicily, and the range also helped protect Italy from Invaders.The City of Rome was the capital of the Roman empire.
A river named the Tiber river flowed from the
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When Caesar became a consul and that's when the real transition into a empire started.
There were 3 consuls and when 1 of them died Caesar and the other consul Pompey fought for power.
Ceasar had ideas of taking over Gaul before going against Pompey and he managed to take over Gaul with a outnumbered troops because of his skills and leadership which made him One of the Greatest Generals in the ancient world.Pompey soon convinced the senate to tell Caesar to leave his army at the border of Rome(near a river named the Rubicon).Caesar did not listen and took control of Rome and fought Pompey for years and finally became the dictator of Rome.This meant that Rome became fascist and that was 1 step from being a empire because little democracy was left.
After Caesar came Augustus who was Caesar's adopted son.He was fighting for control of Rome and he won a 10 years civil war in
Caesar’s death brought turmoil to into Rome. Augustus was determined to avenge his adopted father’s death and vied with two of his chief rivals for power, Mark Antony and Lepidus. After some minor conflicts and disputes, both military and political, Augustus realized the importance and significance of making peace with his rivals. Through these small skirmishes, Antony was driven across the Alps, while Augustus was made senator and then consul. Soon after, Augustus and Antony were joined by Antony’s ally. They met and formed the Second Triumvirate to rule the Roman domains. Their alliance was sealed by a huge proscription in which 300 senators and 200 knights were killed. These were the Triumvir’s enemies.
Augustus was born on 23rd of September 63 B.C., he was born during the civil war when he, unfortunately, lost his father who was a Roman Politic. Luckily he was adopted by his uncle Julius Caesar was a Roman general and politician at the time. Caesar was in desperate need of an heir to take his place in becoming the Empire of Rome. At the age of 19, Augustus great-uncle was slain by his own advisors, which influenced Augustus to engage in Roman politics. Before Augustus became the emperor of Rome it was ruled by the Republican government, which was one of the reasons why Augustus lost his great uncle Caesar to conspiracy in the government. So in order to keep from being assassinated like his great uncle, Augustus brought an end to the Republic rule and felt that it was best for the Roman Empire to give all of the supreme power to the Emperor, in the imperial palace. He made a partnership with a general name Marc Antony to avenge his great-uncle's death, they defeated enemies of Rome. Both Marc Antony and Augustus were the most powerful and successful men in Rome divided the empire amongst each other, Augustus kept the west and Antony took control of the east Egypt. Octavius took the name Augustus in 27 B.C. when he discovered the participate (princess Latin word
"By uncompromising refusal to meet the demands of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus the senate naturally drove them into each others arms. The three men agreed to form a political amicitia ....."
Rome was located on a peninsula. The Peninsula’s climate was generally mild, the peninsula juts out of Europe and was shaped like a boot. It sticks out into the Mediterranean Sea. The earliest settlement of Rome was on the Tiber River. The Tiber River also helped with the irrigation and with the supply of Rome's water. There are seven hills to the south of the Tiber River. There are also Apennines that snake along with the river. Some of the mountains
Julius Caesar emerged. He was able commander who led many conquests for Rome. In 59 B.C. Caesar set out for a new conquest. After nine years of constant fighting, he finally conquered Gaul. Pompey grew jealous of his achievement and had the senate order him to disband his forces and return to Rome. Caesar secretly crossed the Rubicon and killed Pompey then entered Rome. After crushing many rebellions, Caesar forced the senate to make him a dictator. Caesar launched many reforms such as public work programs and giving land to the poor. According to legend those in the senate murdered Caesar on March 15. Caesar's Grandnephew, Octavian, and Marc Anthony joined forces to capture his killers. However bitter feuds grew it soon became a battle for power.
The history between General Caesar and General Pompey is greatly known throughout the Roman Empire. The two generals started out as great allies and formed the First Triumvirate along with Crassus. However, with the previous passing of Crassus, the two had faced conflicts. Thus we are faced with the engagement between the two at Pharsalus, which brought an end to Caesar’s Civil War. This engagement shaped the course of history; first of all, it was one of the first civil wars in Rome and all of history for that matter. It was also a battle in which both sides took all necessary precautions before entering a full scale war. In previous wars like the Punic Wars, the Romans would push too far into the enemy and then be easily surrounded without the necessary supplies, weapons, or numbers to win the battle. Lastly, it paved the path for the Roman Empire. The battle of Pharsalus was a key battle in Roman history that proved to be a vital step towards the future.
Gnaeus Pompeius, better known as Pompey, was born on September 29, 106 BC. He was four years older than Julius Caesar. Pompey’s father was a rich Roman noble, who was elected to the consul in 89 BC. Pompey distinguished himself as a great leader early in his life. In the civil war between Gaius Marius and Lucius Sulla, Pompey sided with Sulla. Sulla, with the help of Pompey, made some vary impressive defeats in Africa and Sicily. In 79 BC Sulla resigned and died the next year. Two of his patrons, who had fought for him, Pompey and Marcus Crassus, moved to leading military positions in the seventies. Crassus and Pompey fought together in a battle against a Marian rebel, Quintus Sertorius, and a slave rebellion lead by Spartacus in Italy. They returned, having won, in 71 BC. Pompey then spent time campaigning successfully in Rome before he was elected to consul, with Marcus Crassus for the year 70 BC. After Pompey served his time on Consul he was given command over the Mediterranean, where he did what nobody else had successfully done before. He rid it of Pirates. Pompey, then, went to various places, establishing an ally of the King of Armenia, capturing Jerusalem, and making Syria a Roman duty. Pompey was a great general, but not a very good politician. In 59 BC Pompey returned to Rome to find that tensions with himself and Crassus had grown. Both Crassus and Pompey had large armies, but also pieces of the city that were loyal to them. Cicero, the leader of the senate, allied himself with Pompey through great flattery. Cicero told Pompey that he must be the protector of the republic. Crassus had other plans, and by 57 BC both men were in Italy with their armies. Before war broke out Julius Caesar stepped in. Caesar being a neutral negotiator used these well-known talents and convinced Pompey, Crassus, and Cicero to meet. The men worked out an agreement. This settlement had never been made before among the leaders of Rome. Caesar convinced Crassus and Pompey to join their power and influence with his own. Caesar was a successful leader of Gaul at this time. So the three agreed, and formed what is today known as the First Triumvirate. During this time Pompey married, most likely for political reasons, Julia, Caesar's daughter. Two of the three men returned to Rome and forced the Senate to obey them.
In the center of the Mediterranean lies Italy, one of the most illustrious empires of the time. The Roman Empire refers to the period of time, beginning with Augustus, when Rome was ruled by emperors. There were differences in the political, economic, religious, architectural, and education aspects in the way each ruler ruled. When Augustus transformed the republic into a monarchy, Rome reigned supreme. The era of Augustus, Nero, and Justinian can be compared and contrasted in these aspects.
Pompey tried another devious act against Caesar, which this time worked. He had the senate pass a law that made Pompey and Caesar both give up troops, and send them to the East, where they were supposedly needed against the Parthians. This seemed fair, but it made Caesar lose two legions, one that was lent to him by Pompey in the Gallic Wars, and one of his own. Once they were positioned there, Pompey decided they were no longer needed, and sent them to Capua (a city in Rome) under his command.
The website above provides a visual representation of Italy during the Renaissance and includes the territories and cities of Italy. I used this website for the map of Italy in order to have a visual representation on the website to explain where certain places are located in order to fully explain the origins and how geography had an effect
Augustus Caesar was very ambitious leader. He is best known for bringing peace to Rome. Augustus was considered the first great roman emperor, because He didn’t care about wealth and fortune. Augustus cared about the people of Rome. He was a great military leader and was successful in most of his missions. He showed people that being a good ruler requires a lot of hard work and dedication. He was a very generous man. Augustus was greatly admired by the Roman people.
Gaius Octavius, or later known as Octavian, was the adopted son of Julius Caesar. He took over after Julius died and the republic fell. He belonged to a successful family. His father was the first of his family to become a senator, his mother was the niece of Julius Caesar. They lived in Velitrae. This shows how little of a political background he came from. He traveled with his uncle/ adopted father and learned the ropes of government. He was 18 when he came to Rome to claim his dictatorship. Mark Antony was chief lieutenant at the time (Grant). Augustus Caesar is often a man mistaken for his adoptive father, Julius Caesar, but this man made a name for himself by becoming the first emperor of Rome. He rebuilt Rome from the crumbling civilization that it was to a thriving empire by reorganizing the government and ending the Roman Republic once and for all.
Gaius Julius Caesar, born 100 B.C.E. in Rome to the impoverished patrician Julian Clan, knew controversy at an early age. Nephew to Populare Gaius Marius, he was earmarked by the Optimate dictator Sulla for prosciption after his refusal to divorce his Populare wife, Cinna. Fleeing Rome, and not returning until after Sulla’s resignation in 78 B.C.E, upon his return he gained a position as a pontificate, an important Roman priesthood. Slowly but surely throughout his lifetime he worked his way up the political ladder, eventually becoming Consul, and finally Dictator Perpeteus – Dictator for life. One of the most influential political and military leaders of all time, Caesar was also a highly intelligent man and an exceptional orator. However, acquiring this absolute power was no mean feat, and Caesar had well equipped himself through previous expeditions with all the resources necessary to gain power in Ancient Rome.
After marching to Rome, Sulla became dictator in 82 BC. After Sulla, the First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar, owned virtually all power in Rome, yet each had his own desire to defeat the other two and become Emperor. When Crassus died in battle, Caesar had his chance. He defeated Pompey and marched to Rome, victorious. After declaring himself Dictator for Life, Caesar was assassinated, and another Civil War ensued.... ...