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Skinner's influence on psychology
Skinner and freud
Skinner's influence on psychology
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I chose Henry Alexander Murray for my lesser known therapist. He was born in New York City in 1983 and he had two siblings (Kazdin, 2000). Murray attended and graduated from Harvard College and he married and had one child. When I first decided to write about Murray, I didn’t know very much about him. One fact that surprised me is that Murray was actually uninterested in psychology in college. For instance, Kazdin (2000) asserts that “the only formal course he ever took in psychology was with Hugo Munsterberg, but he walked out after the first class when he found out the material had no relevance to personal experience” (p. 358). He was more interested in the medical field. Murray did not become interested in psychology until a few years after he graduated from Harvard. Furthermore, after he became interested in psychology, another fact that I found to be interesting, is that Murray knew Carl Gustav Jung, and was even his “lifelong friend and confidante” (Kazdin, 2000). This makes sense to me considering the fact that Jung also heavily studied personalities. In addition, Murray was “B.F. Skinner’s first psychology professor (in 1929) and gave Erik Erikson his first job” (Kazdin, 2000). This surprised me because B.F. Skinner and Erik Erikson are both very well-known therapists. Moreover, Murray did a lot of research and studies that focused directly on individuals. According to Kazdin (2000), Murray “also embarked on a 30-year study of personality in the dyadic encounter, an answer to critics’ charges that his early work had been too focused on the individual alone” (p. 359). Evidently, Murray overly enjoyed studying every angle of a person. Furthermore, Kazdin (2000), asserts that Murray’s “motto…was ‘Let not him who seeks cease... ... middle of paper ... ... and future; however, most tests do emphasize the importance of understanding different characteristics of personalities. In addition, the TAT is considered to be a projective personality test, which is still used today (Davis & Buskist, p. 282). Works Cited Barresi, J., & Juckes, T. J. (1997). Personology and the narrative interpretation of lives. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 693-719. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/235956131?accountid=2280 Davis, S. F., & Buskist, W. (Eds.). (2008). 21st Century Psychology a Reference Handbook. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, & Singapore: Sage Publications. Handbook of personology and psychopathology. (2005, 06). Scitech Book News, 29 Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200155386?accountid=2280 Kazdin, A. American Psychological association & Oxford Press. Encyclopedia of Psychology (Vol. 5).
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Using narratives to gain an insight into human experience is becoming an increasingly popular method of exploration. Assuming that people are in essence narrative beings that experience every emotion and state through narrative, the value of exploring these gives us a unique understanding. Narrative is thought to act as instrument to explore how an individual constructs their own identity (Czarniawska, 1997) and explain how each individual makes sense of the world around them (Gabriel, 1998). It may also give us an understanding into individual thought processes in relation to individual decision making practices (O’Connor, 1997). It is evident from studies such as Heider and Simmel (1944), that there appears to be an instinctive nature in people to introduce plots structures and narratives into all situations, with an intention to construct meaning to all aspects of life in its entirety. The value of narrative is that it is a tool that allows us to understand what it means to be human and gives us an insight into a person’s lived experience whilst still acknowledging their cultural and social contexts. Narrative is thought to be significance as it is ‘a fruitful organizing principle to help understand the complex conduct of human beings (p.49)’ (Sarbin, 1990) The construction of a person’s narrative is thought to be dependent on each person’s individual awareness of themselves and the circumstances that surround them. However, a debate to whether a person is able to formulate a valid narrative in the face of a mental illness such as schizophrenia has emerged. Sufferer’s symptoms are often thought to interfere with their abilities to perceive within a level deemed acceptable to their society’s norms and therefore the validity ...
Lloyd, Margaret A., Dana S. Dunn, and Elizabeth Y. Hammer. Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. By Wayne Weiten. 9th ed. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. 75-137. Print.
Gunnarsson, Logi. "Logi Gunnarsson - Philosophy of Personal Identity and Multiple Personality - Reviewed by John P. Lizza, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania - Philosophical Reviews - University of Notre Dame." About Philosophical Reviews - University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2004. Web. Mar. 2011. .
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Nevid, J.S., & Rathus, S.A. (2005). Psychology and the challenges of life: Adjustment in the new millenium (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Edited by Raymond J. Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Second Edition, Volume 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.