H.pylori:
Discovery:
For many years, stomach was thought to be sterile due to its high acidic secretions in the gastric juice(#73) that’s why physicians previously attributed ulcers to stress or anxiety and did not believe that bacteria could be responsible for GIT (gastrointestinal tract) diseases. The first observations of bacteria in the stomach were presented in 1875, when two German anatomists, Bottcher and Letulle, found spiral bacteria colonizing the mucus layer of the human stomach, , in patients with gastric ulcers. However, as they were unable to cultivate the bacteria, the scientific community ignored their results. [4]( [4] Blaser MJ. An endangered species in the stomach. Scientific American 292, 38 - 45 (2005)doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0205-38.)
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(Rowland M, Daly L, Vaughan M, et al. Age‑specific incidence of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130: 65‑72). (#98) (Helicobacter Foundation http://www.helico.com/) (#88)(#92)
In China, the children aged between 3 to 12 years the prevalence of H. pylori infection is about 41%. [14] 14 Hunt RH, Xiao SD, Megraud F, Leon-Barua R, Bazzoli F, van der Merwe S, et al. Practice Guideline highlights: Helicobacter pylori in developing countries. WGO-OMGE 2006;11:22-29.
• 49% of Chinese population aged 15 to 22 years are positive to H.pylori.(#108).more recent cross-sectional study in Chinese population shows prevalence rate of (43.8%) [Helicobacter. 2014 Dec;19(6):437-42. doi: 10.1111/hel.12153. Epub 2014 Sep 25.Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its relation with body mass index in a Chinese population.Xu C1, Yan M, Sun Y, Joo J, Wan X, Yu C, Wang Q, Shen C, Chen P, Li Y, Coleman WG Jr. ] other studies shows that it was higher than 60% in some parts of China [9 Shi R, Xu S, Zhang H, Ding Y, Sun G, Huang X, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in Chinese populations. Helicobacter
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Science
In addition to its traditional clinical manifestations, GAS can also cause serious invasive disease such as necrotizing fasciitis, colloquially known as the flesh-eating disease. First broadly reported during the Civil War, when it was known as gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis occurs when an individual’s subcutaneous fat and superficial fascia become rapidly necrotic. Though incidence data is limited, one study estimated that, worldwide, there are approximately 660,000 cases of invasive GAS disease per year, with 97% of those cases occurring in low-income populations (4). Many microorganisms other than GAS have been linked with necrotizing fasciitis, including Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichica coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the disease is often caused by a polymicrobial infection. However, the most well known causative agent in necrotizing fasciitis cases is usually Group A streptococci (6). Although risk factors for necrotizing fasciitis include diabetes, old age, and immunosuppression, nearly half of all infections occur i...
The incidence rate for children between 0 and 19 years old was 5.13 per 100,000. For adults over 20 years of age, the incidence rate was 26.8 per 100,000. The rate was higher in females (22.3 per 100,000) than males (18.8 per 100,000).
There is 1.4 million people infected with CHB in United States (CDC, 2017). Even though the incidence of CHB has decreased in the U.S. two ethnic groups with highest prevalence of CYB in U.S. are Asian with 1 in 12 Asian Americans have CHB, and 1in 10 African-born in U.S. has CHB (HepBMD, 2017). Approximately 90% of infants that get HBV becomes chronically infected and 1 out of 4 dies (CDC, 2017). A person with CHB is one hundred times more likely to develop liver cancer. An estimated 686,000 people die every year worldwide for complications of HBV 2,000 people in U.S. die yearly from HBV related liver
For example, those who travel to or live in countries where Hepatitis A is common, have sexual contact with someone who has Hepatitis A, men who have sexual encounters with other men, those who use recreation drugs, have clotting-factor disorders, or are household members or caregiver of someone who is infected with the virus. Other risk factors include intermediate and high endemicity areas include poor sanitation and regulations and lack of safe water. Also, residents from regions with low endemicity for the Hepatitis A Virus infection often remains susceptible in their adulthood. In areas where the virus is wide spread, most Hepatitis A infections occur during early childhood because children tend to ingest everything. As mentioned earlier, adults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children. The severity of the disease and its fatal outcomes are higher in older age
In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.
Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, Kudrna D, Braidotti M, Yu Y, Parameswaran P, Crowell MD, Wing R, Rittmann BE, Krajmalnik-Brown R.. “Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:2365-2370.
Acid is produced naturally in your stomach to help you digest food and to kill bacteria. This acid irritates the stomach lining so our body produces a natural mucus barrier which protects it. Sometimes this barrier may be damaged thus allowing the acid to damage the stomach causing inflammation, ulcers and other conditions. Other times, there may be a problem with the muscular band at the top of the stomach that keeps the stomach tightly closed and this allows the acid to escape and irritate the oesophagus. This is called 'acid reflux' and can cause heartburn and/or oesophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole stop cells in the lining of the stomach from producing too much acid. This can help prevent ulcers from forming or assist the healing process. By decreasing the amount of acid, they can also help to reduce acid reflux related symptoms such as heartburn.
In the Nepal’s example on the web, the child sickness was due to lack of education on food hygiene and lack of infrastructure (sanitation and drinking water). Thus, teaching the mother about treating water before drinking and the importance of hygiene in handling aliments would prevent the child diarrhea episode and even save the other son that died in the past from this disease.
Streptococcus pyogenes is thought to live benignly within one in five people, and is thusly one of the most common pathogens among humans. Due to its common
For the process of formulating a PICO question I have narrowed down to five questions pertaining to the factors in the development of pressure ulcers. The first question is what role does the environment play i...
Finding the evidence of the stomach bug was difficult, because the Iceman’s stomach lining has deteriorated over the years. Scientists have often use the gut microbe to track human populations, using the distinct phylogeographic features to study population movement. The bacterium is separated into Ancestral strains to track the movement of humans, the heavily agreed upon strains include ancestral EastAsia, ancestral Europe1 (AE1), ancestral Europe2 (AE2), ancestral Africa1, and ancestral Africa2. Through extensive combing of data, researchers concluded that the European H. pylori was a combination of the ancient Asian and African strains. Even with this conclusion, researchers disagreed on when the hybridization of the strains occurred, though many thought it to be over 10,000 years ago. Otzi reveals a different story.
Field EA, Allan RB. Review article: oral ulceration--aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and management in the gastrointestinal clinic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:949–62. [PubMed]
In developing counties. Thousands of children die each year from simple illnesses.
The most commonly recognized food borne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli 0157:H7, and by a group of viruses called Calicivirus, also know as the Norwalk viruses. “Thousands of types of bacteria are naturally present in our environment, but not all bacteria cause disease in humans.” (Schmutz 1)
Although preventive measures can be taken, over 21.5 million people annually become infected with Typhoid fever. In particular, areas with poor sanitation of water report higher rates of this disease. Typhoid fever is spread through contaminated water sources, making underdeveloped countries vulnerable to the infection.