Hackers and the Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights
Introduction
According to Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, theft is, "The act of stealing; specifically, the felonious taking and removing of personal property, with an intent to deprive the rightful owner of the same" (Webster's 2). Before the advent of moveable type, no one had cause to apply this concept to information rather than physical property. If one were to steal a book, the act was easily recognized as of the same moral color as stealing a horse, a nugget of gold, or any other physical object. The thief?s possession of the stolen item constituted the rightful owner?s lack of it, a loss both real and measurable. Today, theft seems a hazier concept, due to the popularization and codification of Intellectual Property (IP) rights. IP rights differ from standard property rights in that they signify an individual's right of ownership over "intangible things" (Kinsella 3). Arguably, the most important such things are patents and copyrights. Patents protect inventions, and copyrights protect "original forms of expression" (Fisher 1). In both cases, the right to ownership amounts to ownership of an idea, not a physical object.
Intellectual Property Rights in the United States
The first American federal copyright law was enacted in the first year after the states ratified the Constitution. The original protection extended was for a period of fourteen years, with one renewal possible at the end of the term assuming the continued survival of the author. As famously stated in an 1853 federal circuit court ruling over Uncle Tom?s Cabin, such protections provided for government intervention only to protect the author?s, ?exclusive right to print...
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Much of Rose's argument for the retention of current copyright laws stems from the faulty belief that copyright infringement will remain much of an underground practice. In his article Rose asserts that "Net users who aren't at least mildly familiar with the [file-sharing] underworld will never even hear about such systems before they are dismembered" [1]. While file-sharing might not have been an important issue in 1995, the word "underworld" does not accurately describe the flourishing file sharing situation today.
First off, unlike the middle Ages, which was the Age of Faith, where the point of human existence was to find salvation, the Renaissance was secular and man-centered . Starting in Italian city-states that had prospered in the Middle Ages through trade, with the Renaissance began the idea of “Humanism”. Humanism was the strong belief that the present was attributed to the past, and that by re-examining history they would be able to not only learn from past mistakes but also grow towards the future. Although at the time majority of the people in Italy were Christians, with this movement people began to depend on their human intelligence instead of God, taking
The Italian Renaissance was a time of rebirth for the arts, sciences, politics, and religion. Italy adapted into a flourishing country with new ideas that influenced the people and their way of life. The Italians focus had shifted on to humanism and becoming wealthier. The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy and from there numerous artists emerged, including Brunelleschi
By the late 1500s, Christian denominations had been popping up all over Europe. This was in response to the reports of indulgences (selling of freedom from purgatory), clerical immorality, abuse of money, along with many other bad actions that were rampant among the Church. It was these problems that Luther and others rebelled and created their own religions. With the rising of these Reformation movements, the Church needed to make some reforms itself. These reforms took the form of educating the clergy, opening monasteries, the Inquisition, and the organizing of councils. In fact, even though Protestant attacks brought these reforms, many of these reforms were needed anyway. The problems in the Church were so bad that the Church would not have survived if the problems were not fixed. Even though there were movements to stop Protestantism, the Catholic Reformation was more about self-reform within the Church than an opposition to the Protestant movement.
I never drink coffee in the evening, but all of a sudden I remembered one WSJ article I read mentioning about Ethiopia as the birthplace of coffee, the most popular beverage by far in the world for thousand years. There was no way for me to pass it. The waitress came out a few minute later with a smoky pan, inside were coffee beans in the roasting. They use Ethiopian fresh coffee beans with all the roasting, grinding, and brewing done right before pouring in cups as if preserving the genuine aroma to its fullest before savoring were the utmost goal. One gentle sip revealed clearly a fuller, rounder, and well-balanced note with far more complexities than the 100% Columbia from a bag for my daily morning ritual. This food review turned out to be a full-blown excursion reaching its peak at the end. The lingering effect stuck in my tongue for hours after I left, yet for days in my
The 14th, 15th and part of 16th century was a glorious time for Europe, it was the reformation of many old ideas and the formation of many new, this was called the Renaissance. The Renaissance brought many changes to Europe, the economy was greatly boosted by of all the new explorations. The flourishing economy helped to inspire new developments in art and literature. And from that many new beliefs were formed.
Coffee has always been a staple part of the American breakfast, and work life. With its promise of a much needed midday energy boost, or morning pick me up, millions of Americans often turn to coffee to start the day. According to a recent Gallup poll nearly 64% of Americans adults ages 18 and up report drinking at least one cup of coffee a day, with the average coffee drinker drinking 2.7 cups a day (Saad, 2015). While some Americans choose to drink coffee blends, most Americans prefer to consume pure source coffee, or coffee that a specific type from a specific country. While coffees from Central America and Africa are popular, one of the richest and most pure forms of coffee is considered to be Arabica coffee from the Ugandan mountains. In the U.S. the most popular Ugandan Arabica coffee is Café Vianté’s Uganda Expresso, grown in the slopes of Mount Elgon. Grown and processed in Uganda, Arabica coffee
Intellectual property could be described as any innovation, commercial or artistic; any new method or formula with economic value; or any unique name, symbol, or logo that is used commercially . By this creations, Intellectual Property (IP) has the rights and protected by patents and inventions: trademarks on branded devices, copyrights on music, videos, patterns and other forms of expression, state and federal laws. From this description, in stealing the IP is an easy and cheap way to do, it is an ordinary phenomenon called Intellectual Property theft, what the thief did is copying someone else’s ideas or product while the other person or company – the victim – has done all the work but the thieves got more huge profits. It resulted the
The Renaissance was a period in time between the mid-fourteenth century and mid-sixteenth century in which art, engineering, architecture, and music flourished, especially because of famous engineers and artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Galileo. One of the most important questions that historians debate is why the Renaissance started in Italy. The reason why the Renaissance started in Italy is because the Italian scholar Francesco Petrarch and his methods of learning which set the path for humanism, and the Italian wealth.
The Renaissance in Italy was from the 1350s to 1600s, the word renaissance is a French word that means “rebirth”. Historians marked the beginning of the Renaissance in the era of the Black Death in Europe and some view it as a transitional period between the medieval age, known as “The Dark Ages”, and modern age. Central Italy was controlled by the Catholic Church and was divided into a number of small principalities called the Papal States. Florence was often called the birthplace of the Renaissance; it was over taken by Rome during the High Renaissance in the beginning of the 16th century. In the 15th century, Florence had a population of 60,000. Their economy was strong because of its wool and textile trade. “Florence was a place where writers,
Along with the development of a file format (MP3) to store digital audio recordings, came one of the new millennium’s most continuous debates – peer-to-peer piracy – file sharing. Internet companies such as Napster and Grokster became involved in notable legal cases in regards to copyright laws in cyberspace. These two cases are similar in nature, yet decidedly different. In order to understand the differences and similarities, one should have an understanding of each case as well as the court’s ruling.
The Renaissance was about art and new ways of imagining art such as realism. Realism was about picturing something to be more realistic and lifelike. People nowadays still use realism just like many famous artists during the Renaissance. Artists like Leonardo DA Vinci and Michelangelo had great success with this technique and became famously known throughout the Renaissance world. Education and literature also played a huge part in the Renaissance. The Renaissance allowed people of different kinds to have an education. Before this, not many people believed that education was really important, so unless you were rich, you didn’t receive an education. Soon though, many people started wanting an education and they achieved it eventually. Women
From its origins in 14th-century Florence, the Renaissance spread across Europe – the fluidity of its ideas changing and evolving to match local cultural thinking and conditions, although always remaining true to its ideals.
Coffee is the bean from the coffee plant. The coffee bean from the market is the bean after few processes, the bean from the red color bean turn to black color bean. Because the coffee bean after the baking process, that’s way the coffee bean turns to black color. Plant pruning short planting also can grow more than 30 feet high. Coffee is a member of the Rubiaceae family. They are shrubs or small trees, native to tropical and southern Africa and Asia in this world. It is native to the East African plateau forest. It grow up very good in East African plateau forest it is because of the frequent rainfall, warm but not extreme temperatures, and the hills 600 to 1200 meters (2000 to 4000 feet) above sea level, it has been cultivated in the tropics.
- Ploman, Edward W, and Clark Hamilton, L, Copyright: Intellectual Property in the Information Age, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1980.