Gregor Mendel's Four Stages Of Fruit Fly

Genetics defined as the study of heredity of genetic material from parents to offspring. In 1865, Gregor Mendel (the father of genetics) conducted experiments on pea plants led to the birth of genetics. He recorded his observation accurately by studying one trait at a time. Mendel used different variable factor during his experiments. For example, he used the height of the plant, the shape of the seed, and the color of the seed. He discovered three laws which called the Mendel principles. These laws were: law of dominance, law of segregation, and law of independent assortment (Michael J. Simmons, 2015). The law of dominance defined as one allele during heterozygote condition is dominate over the other allele. Meanwhile, the law of segregation

Fruit fly has four life stages which are egg, pupa, larva, and adult. The generation time of fruit fly is two weeks at 21◦C. Egg and larva stages take eight days while pupa stage takes six days. That makes the adult fly to produce after two weeks. The wild type fly has dark red eyes, oval shaped eye, grayish body color, and straight wing shape. Fly with different phenotype than the wild type called mutant. Male and female flies have different characteristics in which the male flies have dark posterior part while females have lighter posterior part. Also, the male flies have a more rounded tip of abdomen than female flies (Carolina Drosophila Manual,

Three pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Some mutant genes can occur on the sex chromosome. For example, Bar eye mutation, yellow body mutation, and white eye mutation all these mutations located on sex chromosome, specifically on the X chromosome. Also, some mutant genes can occur on the autosomal chromosomes. For example, ebony body color and sepia eyes mutation are located on autosomal chromosome number 3 while vestigial wing mutation is located on autosomal chromosome number 2. Chromosome mapping was used to demonstrate the locations of these genes. All autosomal mutations in fruit fly are recessive mutation which mean two alleles of the mutation should be expressing to exhibit the mutation in males and females. Yellow body mutation and white eye mutation are recessive sex-linked genes which means two copies of yellow or white mutations in female flies should be on X chromosome to exhibit the trait while one copy of these mutations in male flies should be on the X chromosome to show the trait. On the other hand, Bar mutation is a dominant mutation that located on the X chromosome, so that one copy of Bar mutation exhibits the trait in the male or female because it is a dominant mutation. As a result, male files can be either (B+/--) or (B/--) while the female flies can be either (B+/ B+), (B+/ B), or (B/B) (Kang, Mehdi & Minard, 2017, p. 3). Bar eye mutation in fruit fly demonstrates