The human body has been an amazing voyage throughout time. Many people have tried to understand its countless functions. The immune system is a unique defense mechanism that keeps the human body alive and operational. At times, acquired and opportunistic infections that are caused by pathogens such as; bacteria, viruses’, fungi and protozoa can cause harm when the immune system is weakened. Grave’s Disease is one of the countless illness that affects the immune system, causing an overproduction of ho.rmones in the thyroid gland. Studies will show that continues research still doesn’t give us the exact reason why humans acquire Graves Diseases. Therefore, to have a better understanding we must first research how it all began, by exploring its history, the mechanism, and the diagnostic testing of Grave’s Disease. …show more content…
Weetman wrote that Caleb Parry, Robert J. Graves and Karl V. Basedow new the original descriptions about Graves’ disease. He also stated the records indicated that the description of exophthalmos and goiter appeared in the 1800’s and that the information first came from Caleb Parry’s research. (5) Perry’s first initial patient had palpation and goiter postpartum which was considered an onset autoimmune thyroid disease. Therefore, Perry assumed that this disease precipitated by acute stress, and these findings were made in 1786, but were later published in 1825. As a physician Perry discovers were amazing and advanced and most of his research had to be rediscovered. (5) Later, a man by the name of Robert J. Graves became chief at the Meath Hospital in Dublin in 1821, he also
Dr.Bain ordered a CT scan of Cynthia’s chest to rule out a possibility of an aneurism. Dr. Bain also did another CT scan of Cynthia’s abdomen to evaluate her liver. Additional lab work and thyroid testing was done. Around 5:00pm she was discharged with instructions to follow up with her primary care physician Leah Avera, M.D within one week. In Cynthia’s discharge summary that was signed by Dr. Pesante, states, in part, "it just seems like Cynthia’s problem may have more so been either some kind of infectious process or possibly a thyroid
The New England Journal of Medicine -- February 1, 1996 -- Vol. 334, No. 5
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior, middle portion of the neck. Many of the bodies’ hormones come from the thyroid. According to Porth 2011, “the thyroid hormone increases the metabolism and protein synthesis in nearly all of the tissues of the body.” (p. 784). When these hormones are not regulated, a thyroid disorder develops such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Those are some of the examples of how they might've been diagnosed, and how they should've been evaluation now. Except it probably doesn't help with the lack of doctors in the 1600s, but this is all basically
Works Cited Ross, Maggi “Science and Health” Elizabethan.org/. N.p. 26 Mar 2008 Web 17 Jan 2014 Alchin, Linda. “Elizabethan Medicine and Illnesses” www.elizabethan-era.org. UK. The. N. P. 16
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease that was discovered by Robert Graves in 1835. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland and causes hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease occurs when the antibodies like thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin and thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs) attack the thyroid gland as if it were a foreign object or a virus of some sort. This disease is the most common type of hyperthyroidism. Attacking the thyroid gland in such a manner makes it excessively overproduce the hormone thyroxine which controls the body’s metabolic rate. Heightened activity of the thyroid can increase the body’s metabolism by 60% to 100%. (Weeks 34-35).
Philip Mortimer BMJ: British Medical Journal , Vol. 321, No. 7269 (Nov. 4, 2000) , p. 1123
Tamparo, C. D. & Lewis, M. A. (2011). Diseases of the human body. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes its way to the bloodstream until it reaches the thyroid where it is then signaled to activate T3 and T4 production [1]. This mechanism is controlled by a negative feedback loop meaning that when there is a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones in the blood stream, this will signal back to stop production of thyroid stimulating hormones. Complications occur when the thyroid hormones keep increasing even though there is already a sufficient amount of T3 and T4 in the blood stream. This process of over expression of thryroid hormones is known as hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a general term that includes any disease that has a consequence of an overabundance of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism is a general term but there are many variant diseases that are in the hyperthyroidism category. These diseases include diffuse toxic goiter, Basedow’s disease, thyrotoxicosis, Parry’s and Graves’ disease.
The immune system, which is composed of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, is the body’s innate defense against foreign particles that may show to be harmful or infectious to us. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks potentially dangerous organisms and substances that invade our systems. (Durani, Y., 2012) The immune system’s key players include leukocytes, the lymphoid organs, and the lymphatic vessels. Leukocytes are white blood cells that recognize and destroy the harmful invaders. Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) make and/or store the leukocytes, and lymphatic vessels are a network of tissues that allow for the leukocytes to circulate through blood or the various lymphoid organs. (Durani, Y., 2012)
I am a 24 year old, female that has a history of kidney stones and hyperthyroidism. I was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism that progressed into Grave’s disease in 2013. I am currently in remission and do not take any medication for it. I have never been pregnant. I was born in Romania. My younger sister, who is 17
... bones, into T-lymphocytes in the thymus. T-lymphocytes are programmed to fight specific antigens entering the body and distinguish between body cells and tissues, and foreign matter within the body. This foreign matter is isolated by the T-lymphocytes and triggers the immune system to react to the alien matter thus destroying it. Because the T-lymphocytes are programmed to only react to specific antigens, they would have no effect on other antigens and therefore would need programming to react to these. The T-lymphocytes enter the bloodstream; some enter the lymphatic system and the others circulate around the cardiovascular system. The Thymus gland grows from birth until adolescence where it reaches its peak. Beyond this, the thymus reduces in size and effective ability to produce the T-lymphocytes and by middle age, is roughly the same size as it was at birth.
Jennifer presents with the clinical signs and symptoms of tonsillitis. The clinical presentation of swollen tonsils, pain while swallowing, presence of exudates, associated temperature for three days, positive palpable anterior cervical nodes, and sore throat lead the clinician to believe Jennifer has tonsillitis. Tonsils are considered lymph tissue. The tonsils react to a microorganism that has come in contact via air droplet with the mouth, nose, or eyes. The resulting cytokine induced inflammation occurs in order to protect the body from infectious invasion. When this occurs inflammation mediators are activated and will lead to fever. Many lymphocytes and antigens get activated and start to fight the illness. The lymph nodes are enlarged because they are working harder to filter and clean the lymph fluid. Jennifer’s adaptive responses include inflammation, f...
In addition to serving as a drainage system, the lymphatic system, along with the lymphoid tissues and organs, play a vital role in the body’s immune system to create an immune response. The body ...