Grace Hopper was a very important figure and leader in relation to the early beginnings of computing and programming languages. Grace has a very wide range of work experience, including being a prominent educator, working on subroutines for the Mark 1 computer (which ended up being used as calculations for the Manhattan Project), is credited with being the designer of COBOL (the first versatile programming language capable of running on many different computers or hardware configurations), and invented the compiler, “that allowed the computers to, in effect, help program themselves” (301). Grace is also known for her role of bringing programming into a more gender neutral practice, rather than something seen as a male-only activity. I decided …show more content…
The bombing of Pearl Harbor nowadays may be an old wound on the country, however, at the time, it invigorated the country, pushing people and industry to move into the war effort with unsurpassed speed. The events of Pearl Harbor moved Grace to join the war effort herself; Grace Hopper signed up and began her training to join the navy. Her work ethic and dedication allowed her to quickly move through the ranks; However, due to her unique qualifications and education background the military had unexpected plans for her, “through no choice of her own, Lieutenant (j.g.) Grace Hopper was about to become the third programmer of the world’s first computer” (619). Grace was unexpectedly jostled into a top secret military position at Harvard early on in her military career, it is at, Harvard where Grace would meet Howard Aiken developer of the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (MARK 1) (this device would become known as the first computer). Aiken was an extremely temperamental, stubborn, and, above all, strict; Aiken was in a constant battle to fight for the continued use, upkeep, and development of his machine. Therefore, as a conscience of always working to maintain his machines reputation, it is no surprise that he was antagonistic towards Grace when she joined his staff, “Aiken was disappointed that the Navy had assigned him a female officer to be second in command, an opinion that he openly shared with the rest of the men on his staff” (658). Grace was quickly assigned by Aiken to devise solutions to difficult problems on a large, top secret machine, without instruction. Grace miraculously approached her new job with unparalleled tact; where others would have been put off by the task ahead Grace Hopper took it on with open arms. Ms. Hopper who had been expanding her education throughout her adulthood took this as another opportunity to broaden her
President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to December 7, 1941- the day of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor- as “a date which will live in infamy.” This description has continued to be accurate, nearly 70 years after the attack on American soil. However, not many people have the same emotional connection to the events at Pearl Harbor, as does the former Admiral Husband Edward Kimmel, the man who was in the position of “Commander-in-Chief” at Pearl Harbor. The events of this day caused his rank of “Admiral” to be removed.
Eleanora Fagan (April 7, 1915 – July 17, 1959), professionally known as Billie Holiday, was an American jazz artist and artist musician with a vocation traversing almost thirty years. Nicknamed "Woman Day" by her companion and music accomplice Lester Young, Holiday affected jazz music and pop singing. Her vocal style, firmly propelled by jazz instrumentalists, spearheaded another method for controlling stating and rhythm. She was known for her vocal conveyance and improvisational aptitudes, which compensated for her restricted range and absence of formal music instruction. There were other jazz vocalists with equivalent ability, however Holiday had a voice that caught the consideration of her crowd.
Ella was born in Newport News, Virginia on April 25, 1917. When alled “The First Lady of Song” by some fans. She was known for having beautiful tone, extended range, and great intonation, and famous for her improvisational scat singing. Ella sang during the her most famous song was “A-tiscket A-tasket”. Fitzgerald sang in the period of swing, ballads, and bebop; she made some great albums with other great jazz artists such as Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Louis Armstrong. She influenced countless American popular singers of the post-swing period and also international performers such as the singer Miriam Makeba. She didn’t really write any of her own songs. Instead she sang songs by other people in a new and great way. The main exception
The water that Molly and the other women carried was used for drinking water by the soldiers and to cool down the cannon barrels. The water was also used to soak the ramrod sponge which was used to clean the barrel after each shot.
“AIR RAID ON PEARL HARBOR. THIS IS NO DRILL.” This is the message sent out by radioman Kyle Boyer at 7:58 a.m. Sunday December 7, 1941; a date which will live in infamy. The empire of Japan had attacked the United States’ Pacific Fleet based in Pearl Harbor. For months the US Intelligence community, as well as others around the world, had been intercepting and decoding transmissions from mainland Japan to their diplomats and spies in the US. We had cracked their Purple Code, and knew exactly what military intelligence was being transmitted back and forth. The Dutch also cracked Purple and informed our government of the Japanese plan and were shocked to hear reports that we were taken by surprised. Even more disturbing, months before the attack a British double agent, Dusko Popov, codenamed Tricycle, turned over to the F.B.I. detailed plans of the Japanese air raid, which he had obtained from the Germans. The government had the information, and did nothing with it.
Mary Anderson was born in February 19, 1866 in Greene County, Alabama, to John C. Anderson and Rebecca Anderson and was known for her invention of the wiper blade. She was also a real estate developer, rancher, and viticulturist. At the age of four, her father, John C. Anderson, died leaving her sister, Frannie Anderson, and her mother, Rebecca Anderson, living of his estate. In 1889, the three of them moved to Birmingham Alabama to build their own apartment on the corner of Highland Avenue. When Mary was 27 she left Birmingham in order to work in a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California. In 1900, her aunt was in poor health and she return to live in Birmingham to look after her family. After he aunt's death, her family discovered trucks that her aunt kept locked which contained gold and jewelry. By selling these collections of gold and jewelry, the family was able to live financially comfortable.
Over the year and a half between Pearl Harbor and Midway the United States made headway with various technological and military advantages. One of the most important of which was the code breaking efforts of Commander Joseph J. Rochefort Jr. “Most of the U.S’s information [on Japan] came from Rochefort. R...
On December 7th, 1941, Japanese aircrafts attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor (Axelrod 148). Before this, the United States had not entered World War II, but this changed everything. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise, which consisted of two waves. By the end of the day, many United S...
Anne Hutchinson was born in England in 1591. She went with John Cotton, a puritan leader, to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. Anne spoke about Mr. Cotton’s spirit-centered ideas of theology, saying John Cotton and John Wheelwright, her brother-in-law, as true Christian Ministers. Anne left no written works behind. We can acquire knowledge of what Anne said through her trial before the General Court in November 1637 and her trial before the Church of Boston in March 1638.
Kobayashi, Masahiko. "U.S. Failures in the Pearl Harbor Attack: Lessons for Intelligence." Thesis. Fletcher School, TUFTS University, 2005. May 2005. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
Are you aware that out of the more or less 600 people involved in the selma march 17 were injured and 2 were killed when state trooper violently attacked the protesters with billy clubs, tear gas, dogs, and firehouses or that a lot of black people were denied the right to vote? well Dorothy Cotton was one of many people in the SCLC to try to help change that and are still trying to change that.
Grace Abbott was born November 17, 1878 in Grand Island, Nebraska. Grace was one of four children of Othman A. and Elizabeth Abbott. There’s was a home environment that stressed religious independence, education, and general equality. Grace grew up observing her father, a Civil War veteran in court arguing as a lawyer. Her father would later become the first Lt. Governor of Nebraska. Elizabeth, her mother, taught her of the social injustices brought on the Native Americans of the Great Plains. In addition, Grace was taught about the women’s suffrage movement, which her mother was an early leader of in Nebraska. During Grace’s childhood she was exposed to the likes of Pulitzer Prize author Willa Cather who lived down the street from the Abbott’s, and Susan B. Anthony the prominent civil rights leader whom introduced wom...
According to Microsoft Research, “By 2018, there will be 1.4 million open technology jobs in the U.S. and, at the current rate of students graduating with degrees in computer science, only 29% of applicants will be women.” The fight for women has been going on for more than 100 years and women today continue to face discrimination in daily lives. An important person in fighting for women’s rights was Betty Friedan, who was born on February 4, 1921 in Peoria, Illinois. A writer, feminist, and women’s rights activist published her book The Feminine Mystique in 1963 that began her journey of fighting for women’s rights. The idea behind the book Race presents important pillars that apply
Legendary jazz songstress Billie Holiday once said in response to the exclusion of African Americans from jazz clubs on the notorious 52nd Street, “You can be up to your boobies in white satin, with gardenias in your hair and no sugar cane for miles, but you can still be working on a plantation.” The comparison between the jazz world, or more specifically 52nd Street, and a plantation show the immense racial tension between blacks and whites in the early to mid part of the twentieth century. In the height of the time leading up to the Civil Rights Movement, Billie Holiday was a prominent African American singer who was one of the most well known amongst white Americans. Holiday was tough enough to survive in a racist, phallocentric world where she was frequently objectified and trivialized. However, she was not strong enough to resist the allure of alcohol and narcotics, which ultimately led to her death in 1959. In addition to her usage of drugs and alcohol, Holiday faced many other challenges in her life, which inspired the beautiful music that she left as her legacy. Despite her heavy abuse of drugs and alcohol, Billie Holiday redefined jazz for the world and instated new sense of equality in with it.
Looking at the Leslie, Cimpian, Meyer and Freeland’s study, it has proving that individuals’ beliefs on what is “required for success in an activity vary in their emphasis on fixed, innate talent” can “account for the distribution of gender gaps across the entire academic spectrum” (Leslie, Cimpian, Meyer and Freeland 262). At a young age, females believe they do not have the talent or skills for computer programming from their beliefs due to the macrosystem. In this case, there are not that many females in the computer-programming field in college. According to Moss-Racusin, Molenda, and Cramer’s study, it has shown there is gender bias in STEM fields when they had “both female and male faculty members viewed the male student as more competent than the identical female student” (Moss-Racusin, Molenda and Cramer 1). Our society has the belief that males are more dominant than females due to the stereotypes they have deal with for the past decades. In the videos, Karlie describes coding as “a creative, innovative and imaginative activity” where it can challenge numerous girls view on STEM fields. At the beginning, young females believe that they cannot pursue in the STEM field because of their incapability to understand the information; however, it presents the idea that coding is possible from listening to the idea that coding is a way of self-expression rather than a task that cannot be