Introduction
In economics, the fiscal multiplier is the ratio of a change in GDP due to change in government spending. When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on GDP is called the multiplier effect. The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial incremental amount of spending can lead to increased consumption, increasing income further and hence further increasing consumption, etc., resulting in an overall increase in GDP greater than the increase in government spending.
An increase in government spending or a reduction in net taxes is always aimed at increasing aggregate output (Y). The main aim is to stimulate the economy but this may lead to many problem such as inflations, budget deficit because of needed debt to finance the deficit. Before finding out which is the better options for stimulation of any economy we need to first be clear with the concept of multiplier.
In the following report we have first tried to clear the concept of the multiplier then carried on with explaining various theoretical aspect of tax multiplier, government spending multiplier and planned investment multiplier. Then we have tried to compare the change in expenditure and change in GDP in Indian economy by providing data which was extracted through a secondary source.
After analyzing the data and the theory, we have provided our conclusion weather tax cut is better for the stimulation of growth or Government spending is? This report explains the big macroeconomic debates of the present times. It seeks to explore the debate within fiscal policy itself between tax cuts and government spending. We have tried to explain the argument through some theories and through some data collected from Indian econ...
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...the recipients of these tax cuts may not spend the money. The tax cut may though increase the wealth of recipients but they may not spend money due to low marginal propensity to consume. The recipient of the tax cut may decide to save the extra amount of money rather than spending it. Without the expenditure there will be no income generated so this may not simulate the growth of entire economy.
In our opinion government spending is better than tax cuts. Government spending increases the employment as well as the income of the people of the country, though tax cut only increases the wealth of the people who may not spend the extra money earned and help in the growth of the economy.
References:
http://www.indiastat.com/default.aspx
http://econospeak.blogspot.in/2009/12/fiscal-stimulus-spending-increases-v.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_multiplier
In Keynesianism, government uses fiscal policy, which is a list of policies that government spending and taxing can be used to improve the performance of an economy. The government produces stabilization by taxing and spending yearly plans. Taxing can occur when inflation is high, and lowering taxes tends to occur during a high percentage of unemployment. By lowering taxes, it increases disposable income or the amount of income that goes to financial responsibilities. When people have more money, they are able to spend more, which in return goes into jump starting the economy.
Lee, Y., & Gordon, R. H. (2005). Tax structure and economic growth. Journal of Public Economics, 89(5-6), 1027-1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.07.002
Concerning the debate on our economy, republicans generally believe strongly in the power of a free market system, reduced income tax rate, more spending from the people, and less spending from the government. The Republican Party wants the tax rate to not be affected regardless of how much wealth a person has, and wants the tax rate to be reduced in order to create more private spending. According to the Republican National Convention web site, republicans “believe government should tax only to raise money for its essential functions,” such as keeping citizens safe from criminals and maintaining basic infrastructure and national security (Barton). With this being said, taxes should not be increased, but instead decreased, to lead to more spending on the free market and less spending from the federal government. The money the government uses to spend comes from the taxpayers, and republicans believe that those taxpayers have the right to use their money in other ways, such as spending on the free market, or saving it for the future. In turn, the republican idea is that when the taxes on things are lower, the people will spend more, which creates a steady, stable economy. The Republican Party would like to see a de-regulated economy with less taxing and more spending.
If done for the right reasons, deficit spending could serve as advantageous. One way deficit spending can be advantageous is when it comes to education and public transportation market failure. Investing the money needed for these services with no regards to the amount put into them would cause a deficit, but it in the long run it would create a much higher economic growth rate along with an increase in
Stratmann, Thomas, and Gabriel Okolski. "Does Government Spending Affect Economic Growth? | Mercatus." Mercatus. 10 June 10. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. .
Deficit spending happens when a government grows its debt, meaning that its spending is greater than its income. Deficit Spending, 2008 Deficit spending is a fiscal policy, that when used appropriately can do some amazing things, like pull the United States up from its bootstraps effectively ending The Great Depression. President Hoover increased government spending by 50% and used the money to fund public works and infrastructure projects from 1928 to 1932. (Deficit Spending, 2008)
The U.S budget deficit over the years has been a problem but lately the deficit has shrunk. However, what made the U.S budget deficit get to where it is today and what will it be like in the years to come. Throughout the past the U.S has operated under a deficit. This means that the U.S Spent more money than it was taking in. The cause of the excess in spending was different depending on which year. Some of the causes were war, increase in spending , and economic downturns. There were different acts passed to try and control the deficit problem. The deficit at the present time is declining. This decline is due to the improving economy, sequester, and a tax increase on high-income households. The big factor that went into the decline in the deficit for 2013 was the payment that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac made. The deficit decline in the present time may make some think the U.S could get out of debt but it has been projected that the U.S deficit will start to increase once again.
Its official; Americans are going to be paying less in taxes to the federal government. In a ceremony staged in the East room of the White House President Bush signed the third-largest tax cut in U.S. history into law. Will this tax cut actually help the economy? Bush says it will. He claims, "this legislation is adding fuel to an economic recovery" (Benedetto). Bush hopes the massive $350 billion tax cuts will create jobs and heal the fraught financial system. Despite his optimism, Bush has many foes pointing out the rumored flaws in tax cuts. Democrats in congress, as well as some Republicans, are in strict opposition of the bill. They claim it will only worsen the stressed economy and leave families in the low-income tax brackets behind. Frankly, both the opposition and proponents of the bill are correct. The tax cut will, in some ways, help the economy and create jobs, but it also will pad the pockets of the rich while failing to acknowledge the plight of low-income families.
...e both of them work the United States economy suffered because spending was clearly increased. “President Lyndon. B Johnson’s decision to finance a major war and the Great Society simultaneously, without a significant increase in taxation, launched a runaway double digit inflation and mounting federal debt that ravaged the American economy and eroded living standards from the late 1960’s to into the 1990s”(Oxford Companion 766). It is impossible to avoid economic problems with major spending increases without some tax increases. The poor decision by Johnson to not increase taxes on a war that cost around 167 dollars was not intelligent (Oxford). If Johnson focused on one program or the other the monetary problems would not be so much, but he decided to keep spending in the war and his programs which put the United States in yet another conflict because of the war.
The reduction of government role in the economy will affect fiscal policy by decreasing deficit spending a...
Deficit spending occurs when a government's spending exceeds its revenue, creating a debt balance. Deficits are usually measured over a period of one year, a fiscal year. Deficit spending is the same situation as if a person were to spend more than what they have in their bank account, creating a debt. Deficit spending can have positive benefits and negative benefits on an economy.
Everyone has their own political leaning and that leaning comes from one’s opinion about the Government. Peoples’ opinions are formed by what the parties say they will and will not do, the amounts they want spend and what they want to save. In macroeconomic terms, what the government spends is known as fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is the use of taxation and government spending for the purposes of stimulating or slowing down growth in an economy. Fiscal policy can be used for expansionary reasons, which is aimed at growing the economy and increasing employment, or contractionary which is intended to slow the growth of an economy. Expansionary fiscal policy features increased government spending and decreases in the tax rates as where contractionary policy focuses on lowering government spending and increasing tax rates. It must be understood that fiscal policy is meant to help the economy, although some negative results may arise.
In time of economic crisis the government has a choice to cut spending or increase spending for public goods and services. “In 2009, Congress passed the American Recovery and Rein- vestment Act, which authorized $787 billion in spending to promote job growth and bolster economic activity”(Stratmann/Okolski 3). John Maynard Keynes, an economist of 20th century, suggest that the government should run a deficit if it will create jobs and increase capital gain. This theory support the current stimulus package that has been introduce during President Obama’s term. Although the flaw with this concept is that it makes the assumption the government has done studies and understands which areas needs the funding the most and knows where it will be beneficial, realistically that is not true. “Federal spending is less likely to stimulate growth when it cannot accurately target the projects where it will be most productive” (Stratmann/Okolski 2). This can be seen because political figures will spend money where it directly supports their needs as well. For instance, the political figure would rather spend money to things that will yield a p...
The appropriate role of government in the economy consists of six major functions of interventions in the markets economy. Governments provide the legal and social framework, maintain competition, provide public goods and services, national defense, income and social welfare, correct for externalities, and stabilize the economy. The government also provides polices that help support the functioning of markets and policies to correct situations when the market fails. As well as, guiding the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By applying the fiscal policy which adjusts spending and tax rates or monetary policy which manage the money supply and control the use of credit, it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth in the process, affecting the level of prices and employment to increase or decrease.
The economy tend to move from boom to recession, it is difficult for government to maintain and achieve macroeconomics objectives. At this time, there are “conflicts between government macroeconomic objectives”, which is this extended essay main theme. This essay will look at the government macroeconomic objectives, the conflicts between macroeconomics objectives, the best policy or mixture of policies to minimize the conflicts between macroeconomics objectives and recommendations, which are classified as main objectives and additional objectives.