CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Good “feel,” (high resilience), high abrasion resistance and high spin are the desirable quantities that offered by the modern ball compared to previous golf ball.
A good golf ball must “feel” soft to the golfer, but must be resilient enough to rebound to its original shape and hardness after the momentary deformation that necessarily results after being struck repeatedly with a force that can equal 10,000 N. The “feel” is thought to be attributed primarily to the ball’s flexural and tensile moduli (a material’s tendency to bend and the stiffness of an elastic material).
Golfers want balls with high abrasion resistance, so that the balls can take a long time to wear down from repeated hits with the club and skittering on grass and sand (Morken & Talkowski as cited in Egan, 2012). This is because the performance will decrease when there is even a small cracks on the ball covering upon the constant impact as the cracks will affect the way the air moves around the ball and the tiny cracks also may provide an opening for moisture to get inside the ball (Penner as cited in Egan, 2012).
2.2 Outer Cover
Outer cover which is one main layer in three-piece golf ball which provide more dynamic and the ball has lower take-off angle, a higher rotation rate, more lifted, and higher trajectory. These characteristics enable the ball to project a further distance. Outer cover is the external of golf ball which the surface face air and water in other word can say as the surface facing the environment. Outer cover is the place where dimples are located as show in figure 2.2-1 by (Frank, 2014)
Figure 2.2-1: Golf ball with dimple
In the process of making a golf ball there two type of ...
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...n term of it resillence, abrasion resistance and also high in spin rate compare to Balata. Beside that, Balata is no longer use for the material of golf ball. While for the core of the golf ball, Buna® CB21 neodymium polybutadiene rubber (NdBR) from LANXESS is selected over the combination of resin and rubber due to it high resillence.
Hexagonal-based dimple pattern consider best pattern compare to icosahedron-based dimple pattern as it can be conclude hexagonal-based dimple pattern acts more efficient than icosahedron-based dimple pattern. Perhaps hexagonal-based dimple pattern obtain 30 to 75 m/s and spin rates 1000 to 3500 rpm according to (Helge Nerstrud, Sport Aerodynamic). Last not a least hexagonal-based dimple pattern minimize the pressure and friction more than to icosahedron-based dimple pattern by comparing the dimple coverage on surface of the ball.
Most amateur golfers believe that impact on the ball is the only key factor for hitting straighter and farther by swinging harder and faster, forgetting important facets in basics of the swing. There are multiple parts of the swing that involve biomechanics however; some key points are set-up, backswing, downswing, follow-through, and ground reaction force (GFR). To focus primarily only on one point of the swing to fix all problems is an obscure way to view the s...
In the 1990's, Callaway introduced yet another new line of woods that featured the S2H2 design with an oversize head. Compared to "an oversize tennis-racket for golfers," the Big Bertha driver, which was named for a World War I cannon, permitted straighter shots on off-center hits. Pro golfers were impressed with the feel and distance they got from the club, and by the end of the 1992 golf season, the Big Bertha driver was ranked Number 1 on the Senior PGA, the LPGA and the Hogan tours. Callaway Golf was now well on its way to achieving a reputation for producing forgiving clubs that helped lower scores.
It is a sporting equipment and as such we can easily connect it with fun and competition, it also has holes drilled for the fingers, which leads to a better grip, more control. On the other hand, it is heavy, thus it is something that wants to get away from you, it is hard to hold control of it, it needs those holes drilled if we want to somewhat control it.
Golf is the ultimate battle between man and nature. It is a beautiful sport in which dreams come true and hearts are broken. Man is challenged on every stroke by nature’s elements. Wind and rain are only a few of the conditions that affect this great game. Undulating hills, sand bunkers, thick rough, and even creeks and ponds come into play on most golf courses. These features are fierce at Augusta National Golf Course. Located along the fall line, the natural beauty of the region is the perfect complement to this championship golf course. Every spring when the flowers are in full bloom, Augusta plays host to The Masters Championship and is transformed into the Mecca of Golf.
Baseball is a fascinating sport that is exceptionally fun to play. This assignment is all about understanding the physics of a few key aspects of this sport. One might ask what physics could have to do with baseball? Like most sports baseball involves physical motion. Baseball encompasses all three planes of motion through throwing, hitting, and fielding. All of the classical laws of mechanics can be applied to understand the physics of this game.
Hitting a baseball is a task that is learned through trial and error, which makes changing a batter’s swing extremely difficult. Once that batter finds their comfort zone and makes contact they will do the same thing until it fails them once again. Perfecting the mechanics of that swing won’t create an exceptional hitter, but it will create a swing that consistently incr...
Upon further investigation, baseball is more than just “One, two, three strikes you’re out,”there is a whole world of physics interacting and exerting itself upon the game, unseen to the human eye. So next time one sees a batter hit a home run off a knuckle ball at Coors Field in Denver, one will have a great appreciation for the physics of the game that came into play within that play.
The Titleist brand was inspired by an event which occurred in 1932. An amateur golfer, Phil Young, missed a putt while playing in a match with his friend. Convinced that it was the ball 's fault, Young and his opponent went to the hospital, x-rayed the golf ball in question and found that its core was, in fact, off-center.
...al properties, the five most important being the length, diameter, weight, weight distribution, and stiffness of the bat. Bats are about six times heavier than balls and about six times lighter than a batter’s two arms. This is no mere coincidence. Tennis racquets are also about six times heavier than tennis balls. The factor of 6 is about the best ratio to ensure that energy in the batter’s arms is well coupled to the bat, and that energy in the bat is well coupled to the ball.
The golf swing is possibly one of the most challenging and technical processes. In Eric Nagourney’s article, Exploring the science of the golf
How does the material of a ball affect the bounce height/vertical motion of that ball?
Because of the evolution, golf looks much different than when it started. Because the sport of golf has changed, many people have been able to better their game and lower their handicap. Along with this, many more people have been introduced to the game which may be helping the sport be
...the more energy is lost and the less the ball bounces back. The less denting that occurs, the more energy is kept and the higher the ball bounces back.
People in both ancient and modern societies have enjoyed playing sports in the spare time. The different shapes of athletic equipment, uniforms, and balls such as basketball, baseball, football, and soccer ball are designed differently to serve the purpose of their sports Also, each sport has been developed in various ways.