Cytosolic β-Glucosidase (hCBG) is a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme that hydrolyses certain flavonoid glucosides. This type of enzymes play a role in the metabolic detoxification, with a series of enzymatic reactions that neutralize and solubilize toxins, and then transport them to secretory organs. Flavonoid glusocides is a family of molecules in which a sugar is bound to another functional group by a glycosidic bond, and play numerous roles in living organisms, mainly in plants. Since the hCBG can cleave glycosidic bonds, is important that this enzyme does not cleave bonds that are not from xenobiotics, so this paper study the substrate preference of the hCBG with flavonoid glucosides, and thus, the specificity of the enzyme depending on the aglycone moiety, type of sugar and the linkage between them. Glycoside Hydrolases are classified into 108 families according with the amino acid sequence similarities. One of these families is GH1 (Glycoside Hydrolases 1), this family consists of enzymes with various substrate specificities, and the enzymes are present is bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota. The 3D structure of 18 of these enzymes had been determined, and although the extent of sequence varies between 17% and 45%, all the enzymes have a common (β/α)8-barrel motif, and two catalytic glutamate residues located at the C-terminal end of β-strands 4 and 7, which may give a clue about the mechanism of these enzymes. The Human Cytosolic β-glucosidase is a GH1 enzyme and is present in the liver, kidney, intestine and spleen. It have the same (β/α)8-barrel fold characteristic of GH1 β-glucosidades, and the mainly structural differences between the hCBG and the other GH1 enzymes is confined mainly to loop regions. It does not cont... ... middle of paper ... ...e crystal was rotated through 120° with a 0.5° oscillation range per frame. Table 1. Data collection and refinement statistics for the and incubated with shaking to induce the expression for crystallographic analysis of the hCBG native data. Values in parentheses are for the highest resolution bin, 2.85-2.70 Å. Amino Acid Composition Ala (A) 33 7.0% Arg (R) 15 3.2% Asn (N) 18 3.8% Asp (D) 32 6.8% Cys (C) 6 1.3% Gln (Q) 25 5.3% Glu (E) 26 5.5% Gly (G) 34 7.2% His (H) 10 2.1% Ile (I) 27 5.8% Leu (L) 37 7.9% Lys (K) 31 6.6% Met (M) 6 1.3% Phe (F) 31 6.6% Pro (P) 24 5.1% Ser (S) 27 5.8% Thr (T) 24 5.1% Trp (W) 15 3.2% Tyr (Y) 24 5.1% Val (V) 24 5.1% Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu): 58 Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys): 46 Theoretical pI: 5.39
The isolate possesses some enzymes required for hydrolytic reactions. Hydrolytic enzymes found to be secreted from the bacterium, are -amylase, casein, and PYRase. In the starch hydrolysis and casein tests, there was a zone of clearing around the bacterium, which was indicative of the secreted enzymes necessary to break down starch and casein. In the PYR test, the presence of PYRase was detected by a color change to red on the PYR disc after the addition of the PYR reagent (p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde). Hydrolytic enzymes for which the EI tested negative were urease, gelatinase, and DNAse. In the Urea Hydrolysis test, it was observed that the urea broth did not have a color change, indicating that there was no urease secreted to break down urea in the broth. Similarly, there was no gelatinase present to break down gelatin in the Gelatin Hydrolysis test, so the nutrient gelatin remained solid. It was concluded that the EI does not possess DNase because there was no clearing zone around the bacteria, indicating that DNA had not been
Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
We can measure the amount of beta galactosidase produced in each tubes indirectly although it is difficult. ONPG is converted to galactose and o-nitrophenol by beta-galactosidase which has a yellow color with an absorbance at 414nm. The amount of ONPG
Homeostasis is the biological process that maintains a stable internal environment despite what occurs in the external environment. Chemicals and bodily functions are maintained in a balanced state so the body may function optimally. There are various systems in the human body that require maintenance through the processes of biochemical checks and balances so they may function properly. One of these systems includes the rise and fall of blood glucose and is under the control of the homeostatic regulation process. Homeostasis is essential in blood glucose regulation as high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia) and low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia) are dangerous and can affect the human body in many ways and can also lead
Glycation is a natural chemical reaction in the body that involves combining sugar molecules to protein molecules without the help of enzymes. In contrast to similar a chemical reaction that involves enzyme-directed processes called glycosylation, glycation disrupts normal metabolic pathways. This results in the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are assocated with oxidative damage that leads to pathological changes in various organ systems.
Carbohydrates are biomolecules that consist of a chain or ring of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n. Carbohydrates are important to organisms for a variety of reasons. They are used to form the structural components of the cell, aid in energy storage, and serve as intermediary compounds for more complex molecules. Carbohydrates are classified as either monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Both monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve easily in water. Carbohydrates are produced in plants through the process of photosynthesis and animals obtain these carbohydrates by eating the plants. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2016)
Myoglobin consist of single polypeptide chain that made up of 153 amino acid and ahs a size of 18 kDa. Its three-dimensional structure was first determined by X-ray crystallography by John Kendrew in 1957. Myoglobin is a typical globular protein in that it is a highly folded compact structure with most of the hydrophobic amino acid residues buried in the interior and many of the polar residues on the surface. X-ray crystallography revealed that the single polypeptide chain of myoglobin consist of entirely of eight (labelled A-H) alpha-helical. Within a hydrophobic crevice formed by the folding polypeptide chain is the heme prosthetic group. This nonopolypepetide unit is noncovalently bound to myoglobin and is essential for the biological activity of the protein.
The glycemic index (GI) is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood sugar (glucose) levels. The amount of carbohydrates consumed also affects blood glucose levels and insulin responses. The GI is computed in two ways due to the fact that there are two standards of comparison. The glycemic load of a food is calculated by multiplying the glycemic index by the amount of carbohydrate in grams provided by a food and dividing the total by 100. After a high-glycemic load meal, blood glucose levels rise more rapidly and insulin demand is greater than after a low-glycemic load meal. In some studies, high glycemic loads have been associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The lower a food 's glycemic index or glycemic load, the less it affects blood sugar and insulin levels.
Blood glucose levels are the measurement of glucose in an individual’s blood. This is important because glucose is the body’s main source of fuel and the brains only source of fuel. Without energy from glucose the cells would die. Glucose homeostasis is primarily controlled in the liver, muscle, and fat where it stored as glycogen. The pancreas is also a significant organ that deals with glucose. The pancreas helps regulate blood glucose levels. Alpha-islet and beta-islet pancreatic cells measure blood glucose levels and they also regulate hormone release. Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin. The body releases insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels to allow the glucose inside of cells and
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a test used widely in clinical setting to analyse the release of insulin and insulin resistance in the body. However, since the sensitivity of insulin and insulin resistance is inter-dependent on each other and it is uncertain to what degree sensitivity of insulin and insulin resistance can be predicted (Stumovill et al 2000). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a measure of how the blood glucose is metabolised in the human body with the use of a sugar called ‘glucose’ which serves as an important source of energy to the body (Hillson, 2002). More importantly, fasting glucose and fasting insulin are the two main variables used in population-based assessment .There are two type of glucose tolerance test:
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance or both reasons. (1) According to that diabetes mellitus can be divided as type I and type II. This is common and its incidence is rising, 171 million people had diabetes in 2000 it is expected this condition to be doubled in 2030. It is spread in all the countries and therefore has become a major burden upon healthcare facilities. (2)
The surface (S)-layer glycoproteins of archaea were found to be O-glycosylated. In Halobacterium salinarum, the cell envelope protein is modified with glucosylgalactose disaccharides and (uronic acid, glucose)-galatcotse trisaccharides at several sites [23]. Little is known about the O-glycosylation pathway in archaea at present.
By taking a Carbon Dioxide, rich substance and mixing it with a yeast, solution fermentation will occur, and then it could be determined if it is a good energy-producer. In this study glacatose, sucrose, glycine, glucose, and water were used to indicate how fast fermentation occurred. The overall result shows that monosaccharides in particular galactose and glucose were the best energy source for a cell.
Food advertisements, supermarket displays, and restaurant menus increasingly highlight foods, particularly bread, as being gluten-free. Gluten consists of two proteins, gliadin and glutamine, which combine and help produce light and fluffy bread (Lord, 2012). Wheat is bred for its high gluten content which serves efficiently well for all bakers and chefs. Today, gluten is becoming a problem in society since allergic reactions to the protein have increased. Bread is a worldwide staple food and gluten is a predominant aspect within the dough mixture. Gluten free bread is basically fixed as it was thousands of years ago without the fermentation of yeast and the mixture of sourdough.
Green tea is made from the plant Camellia Sinensis’s leaves without fermentation (Suzuki, Miyoshi & Isemura, 2012) and is regarded as a popular and healthy drink in Asian countries because of its health-promoting potentials such as protecting against cancer and cardiovascular disease (Harvard Health Publications, 2012; Iwasaki et al., 2014). Lots of the positive effects are due to the antioxidative activity of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) which is a major component of green tea (Suzuki et al., 2012). And it draws researchers’ interests and attentions to further investigate. According to Suzuki et al., one example of the health advantages is that catechins in green tea bring an anti-obesity effect by stimulating lipid metabolism in liver (2012).