E. coli or Escherichia coli is a prokaryotic cell found the in lower digestive track of mammals and other warm blooded animals. E. coli is an easy bacteria to work with as it doubles quickly and is relatively easy to grow; millions of cells can be grown in several hours (Biotechnology Learning Hub 2014). E. coli is an ideal bacterium in the lab because it does not require its temperature to be too hot, too cold, or too precise (Biotechnology Learning Hub 2014). A general warm temperature is perfect for this bacterium. E. coli is also easy to care for it does not need a specific type of nutrient, in a lab setting it can be feed any agar, making the bacteria over all cheaper to care for. Strains of E. coli can also operate in aerobic or anaerobic environments (Koh et al. 2007).
The plasmid pGLO contains a gene which produces GFP, which glows green under florescent light. However the florescence is only seen or expressed in the presence of arabinose, as the GFP will react with the arabinose (Froger and Hall 2007). This engineered plasmid ring of DNA originally comes from Aequorea victoria, a common jellyfish. When pGLO integrated the organism also inherits the ability to resist the antibacterial
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Much like how in the lab the bacteria were transformed to express the gene GFP, the same gene was used to make zebra danios, and several other species in to a Glofish. Like the E. coli, the Glofish will glow under ultraviolent light. The way the DNA is inserted into the fish cells differs from the E. coli experiment because the fish eggs were more delicate, but the concept of the experiment is the same. The fish are not bioluminescent, but florescent. They don’t just glow normally, a specific light must be over them for the GFP to be expressed. This genetic modification to the fish is a huge business and will not end due to their popularity, the business will likely only grow
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was originally isolated from a bioluminescent jellyfish called Aequorea victoria. As suggested by the name, this protein fluoresces green when exposed to light in the ultraviolet range. The ultimate goal of the following experiment was to successfully create a pET41a(+)/EGFP recombinant plasmid that was transformed into live E. coli cells. The success of this transformation could be evaluated based on whether EGFP’s fluorescence properties were displayed by the colony in question. The protein’s fluorescence properties “triggered the widespread and growing use of GFP as a reporter for gene expression and protein localization in a broad variety of organisms” (Ormo, et. al., 1996). Although EGFP and GFP differ for a few amino acids that make EGFP’s fluorescence mildly stronger, the basic principle that such a protein allows for the evaluation of transformation success remains intact.
Figure 2 shows the results of the electrophoresis. Lanes 5 and 7 indicate the fragments obtained when the plasmids are digested with both restriction enzymes, indicating the approximate fragment size for the hlyA gene, the pK184 plasmid and the pBluescript plasmid. This is useful for identifying the recombinant DNA needed for this experiment
Therefore colonies containing the non-recombinant pUC19 plasmid have a functional lacz’ gene appear blue on the agar and colonies containing recombinant pUC19 would have a non-functional lacz’ gene due to insertional inactivation and appear white on the growing medium.
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene is a naturally occurring gene from a bioluminescent jellyfish. The gene allows for objects and animals to glow in the dark when activated by the presence of the sugar arabinose in the pGLO plasmid. The GFP gene is often used as a marker for gene expression and genetic transformation. The pGLO plasmid is a genetically engineered plasmid used as a vector in biotechnology to generate genetically modified organisms (GMO). M. Chalfie et al.
To begin the lab, the variable treatment was prepared as the Loggerlite probe, used to later measure oxygen consumption, warmed up for approximately 10 minutes. To prepare the variable treatment, 200ml of Sodium and Ammo-lock water was measured in a container and a pre-prepared “tea bag” of tobacco was steeped in the room temperature treated water until a light yellow color was visible. After preparing the tobacco solution the preparation for the live goldfish began as two beakers were filled with 100 ml of treated water. Each beaker was weighed before addi...
Ligation one was a 1:1 molar ratio pET-41a (+) vector: egfp insert that used 50ng NotI/NcoI cut pET-41a (+) DNA, 7ng egfp insert DNA, 1uL of DNA ligase, and the proper quantity of water to dilute 10x ligase buffer to a 1x final concentration. Ligation two was a 1:3 molar ratio pET-41a (+) vector: egfp insert made up of 50ng NcoI/NotI cut pET-41a (+), 21ng egfp insert DNA, 1uL of DNA ligase, and the proper quantity of water to dilute 10x ligase buffer to a 1x final concentration. Water was sterilized and deionized. The remaining three ligation samples served as controls. Ligation three contained 57ng uncut pET-41a (+)/EGFP recombinant plasmid DNA and sterile water. Ligation 4 was a negative control that consisted of only sterile water. Ligation five lacks DNA ligase but has the same properties of the 1:3 molar ratio pET-41a (+)/EGFP vector.
Escherichia coli is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a bacterium with a cell wall that has many components. Escherichia coli can live without oxygen which means that it is a facultative anaerobe. It is also capable of fermenting lactose under anaerobic conditions, and in the absence of alternative electron acceptors. There are effects and various factors that limit its growth rate. Its morphology consists of a rod-shaped gram negative bacteria that is commonly found in soil, water, vegetation, human intestines, as well as the intestines of animals. Its presence can be good or bad.
The fish is modified to carry a growth hormone gene from the Pacific chinook salmon and DNA from the eel-like ocean pout. This allows the salmon to grow faster as the hormone is kept active all the time.
E. coli are bacteria that can cause an infection in various parts of your body, including your intestines. E. coli bacteria normally live in the intestines of people and animals. Most types of E. coli do not cause infections, but some produce a poison (toxin) that can cause diarrhea. Depending on the toxin, this can cause mild or severe diarrhea.
An example of bioluminescence is a firefly. The production of light in bioluminescent animals is caused by converting chemical energy to light energy (Bioluminescence, 1 of 1). In a firefly, oxygen, luciferin, luciferase (an enzyme), and ATP combine in the light organ in a chemical reaction that creates cold light (Johnson, 42). This bright, blinking light helps the male firefly attract female fireflies as a possible mate. Other examples of bioluminescent organisms are fungi, earthworms, jellyfish, fish, and other sea creatures (Berthold Technologies, 1 of 2).
There are numerous types of bacteria that can be found in every environment. Each bacterium has different morphology which includes shape, texture and pigment production. These bacteria also have different food requirements which are important in being able to identify a microorganism. Microorganisms are a diverse group containing all bacteria a single cell prokaryotic organism that is found in every type of environment, archea single cell microorganism that lacks nuclei and almost all microorganisms are protozoa a unicellular eukaryotic organism. By identifying the causative agent of a bacterium within an individual, an antibiotic can be developed to prevent health issues. Microorganisms are also used to make certain food products for human consumption. An example of this would be the production of yogurt. It has probiotics that help with digestive abnormalities amongst other things. Probiotics are microorganisms that are consumed to provide health benefits in the body. Probiotics work by replacing the disturbed microbe with ones that are useful to digest. With the methods that wer...
Over the past few years there has been several cases of food contaminated with Escherichia Coli and Salmonella, mostly from organic food manufacturers. For a better understanding of this issue it is necessary to go back to the basis for organic agriculture. Which is essentially about the nutrients needed for the soil and its direct relation to the quality of the product. The more nutrients are added to the substrate the better the quality of that product. Farmers replace synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides for natural alternate methods, using fertilizers based on decomposed organic matter like Humus and Compost. Among the active components found in this products are animal feces which contain harmful parasites that could be transmitted to the plants. Several studies support this statement; an evaluation from the University of Minnesota revealed that “the percentages of E.coli–positive samples in conventional and organic produce (on farms in Minnesota), were 1.6 and 9.7%, respectively” (Mukherjee, Speh, Dyck, Diez-Gonzalez,
U.S. Food And Drug Administration (2013, July 23). An overview of Atlantic salmon, its natural history, aquaculture, and genetic engineering. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/VeterinaryMedicineAdvisoryCommittee/ucm222635.htm
Paavo Nurmi is considered by some to be the greatest runner of all time. He was known as "The King of Runners" or the "Flying Finn". Famous all over the world, Nurmi became an unending source of national pride for the newly independent Finland. Paavo Nurmi was driven by love of running. He had a burning will to succeed in life, and racing was his way to gain recognition from his fellow men and to fulfil the high standards he had set for himself. Martti Jukola, a famous Finnish sports journalist, wrote in 1935: "There was something inhumanly stern and cruel about him, but he conquered the world by pure means: with a will that had supernatural power." At three Olympic Games from 1920 to 1928 Nurmi won a total of nine gold and three silver medals.
Household bacteria have always been a problem. Millions of people each year get some sort of sickness from bacteria in their kitchen, bathroom, living room, etc. What if there were bacteria in your kitchen that could be deadly? This bacterium is called Escherichia coli. According to Oregon health Authority: “By one estimate, 10,000 to 20,000 E coli. Infections occur in the United States each year.” Many of us use disinfectants such as Clorox and Bleach every day but are these disinfe...