Method
Participants
This experiment consisted of 32 participants, of which 17 were male and 15 female, with a mean age of 19.8 (SD=0.87). Students selected from a variety of courses at the University of Aberdeen were recruited as participants.
Materials/Apparatus
Information was collected using a simple questionnaire consisting of 9, questions based on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree). The layout of the Likert portion of the questionnaire was based on a similar structure to the Revised Life Orientation Test (Bridges, Carver & Scheier, 1994). 3 Yes or No questions were also included. An example of the questionnaire is shown in figure 1.
Design
The research design used was between-subjects design. As this was not a true-experiment and instead a quasi-experimental design, meaning that instead of manipulating an independent variable pre-existing differences, such as in the case of this study gender, determine which group the participants are placed in. The dependent variable however was the results collected from the questionnaire. Due to the nature of the design there was no control group.
Procedure
Students were asked to fill out the questionnaire according to the instructions present at the top of the page, as well as being asked to imagine the social setting as being that of a cinema in order to ensure any external social factors that might compel the participants to be more aware of their traditional gender identity as a factor within their genre preferences. Students were also asked to record their age and gender at the top of their page. Results were calculated for the Yes/No questions by assigning a value of 1 to yes answer and a value of 0 to No answers and then calculating the ...
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In the field of Psychology, more specifically health-behavioral research, there has been resounding interest in the structure and measurement of, what the psychological community refers to as, affect. Affect refers to how we, as humans, “experience emotion” and can be broken down into two dominant affective state dimensions, positive and negative affect (Hogg, Abrams, & Martin, 2010)(Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). According to Watson, Clark, & Tellegen (1988), positive affect (PA) refers to how enthusiastic and active a person is and negative affect (NA) refers to a general dimension of distress and displeasure. Tellegen (1985) claims that not only do these terms refer to affective state, but also affective trait dimensions, indicating that, “Trait PA and NA roughly correspond to the personality factors of extraversion and neuroticism,” respectively. While many PA and NA scales have been developed, however, these scales were unable to develop items for PA and NA that were statistically independent of each other. In an attempt to operationalize the orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect, Watson, Clark & and Tellegen (1988) developed The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (i.e. PANAS). In the following review, I will evaluate and critique the PANAS, as a measure of trait affect, focusing on the reliability and validity of scores, test content, and the manner in which it is used.
Another confound that may impact the results of this study could be the testing effect. Repeated testing may lead to better or worse performance. Changes in performance on the test may be due to prior experience with the test and not to the independent variable. In addition, repeated testing fatigues the subjects, and their performance declines as a result (Jackson, 2012). Because the professor is interested in determining if the implementation of weekly quizzes would improve test scores, an experimenter and/or an instrumentation effect may also affect results.
A very diverse, broad, and extensive industry is the filmmaking industry. However, the unique aspect of the industry is that it is so expansive in all of the different categories and types of movies, but yet each film is individualized. A certain characteristic of a movie may appeal to one person and not another. Such characteristics may not only appeal to an individual but to a certain group of people. Could it be that characteristics of a film appeal to either the male gender or the female gender? Is there a difference in the category of movie that a male chooses as opposed to one that a female chooses? Such questions prove to be very interesting and ponderous. Upon thinking of such questions, I decided to revolve my research paper around the two concepts of movies and gender. My hypothesis for this research paper is “In determining a movie to watch, college-age males choose action and adventure movies while females of the same age choose romance or romantic comedy movies”. I feel that this topic is very interesting because many items today are marketed towards a specific gender. This can be viewed and noticed in such items as clothing, motor vehicles, and certain hobbies. This pattern may just as well carry over into the film industry. If it does, it may be reflected by the category of movie a certain gender selects to watch. Therefore, my thesis is: By used of an observation, a survey, an interview, and a personal history, I will prove that men choose action movies and women choose romance/romantic comedy movies because each gender relates to a different characteristic found in each type of movie.
I have decided to examine gender role expectations and inequality in modern media and see how and if expectations and norms have changed over the years. I have studied three modern day teen comedy movies and found examples of many things including gender stereotypes, gender role socialization, gender inequality, and heteronormativity. Each movie contained examples of each and I have analyzed them by describing how each example shows what I interpreted it as.
The methods used included “setting, participants, procedure, data analysis, and measures”. The setting included a description of the study, how it was designed, and trials. In total there were 3041 students who participated in this study, with a 91% response rate. Data was not gathered on students w...
In this research report I aim to explore the way in which gender roles have been represented in films through time and to analyse if the representation of each gender role has changed. More specifically I would like this report to acknowledge, in particularly, if women’s representations have changed over the years, and if so why or why isn’t this. I want to explore how these representations can affect the viewers of these films by the stereotypes that they create.
Gender Roles. A hot button topic that has become a topic of conversation for years now. When we think of Gender roles what things come to mind? With Men we often think of qualities such as strength, toughness, bravery, and masculinity and being a Husband. With Women we often think of characteristics such as: care taker, Wife, nurturing, cooking/ cleaning, and often very supportive. But another big question that we should be asking ourselves is where and how these gender roles and stereotypes have come from? And for the answer to that question we should look to our media consumption. For years now TV shows and Movies have truly shaped what gender roles should be in our society. These ideas are planted in our minds even at a young age, whether
Stereotypes seem to be the recurring theme throughout the whole movie. no matter what race anyone in this movie seemed to be they were still stereotypical to other races. In the opening scene of the movie the female detective named Ria and her partner were just in a car crash when she goes out to speak to the officer she gets into an argument with an asian lady named Kim. kim says that the crash was the female detectives fault because she is mexican and mexicans don't know how to drive. Kim proceeds to accuse Ria that “she blakes to fast” and that's why there was a car crash. Ria then insults the other women by ridiculing her for using the word “blake” and telling her if she could see over the steering wheel they wouldn't have this problem.
Four out of eight participants were female, two of them were eighteen and the other two were nineteen years old. The other four participants were male, two of them were eighteen and the other two were nineteen years old. The mean age was eighteen years and six months.
During the medieval periods, the social rank of an individual set limits to what they could accomplish in life. This system of social status obligated and forced people to stick to what "fate" and society had in store for them. For example, peasants could only be peasants and that was the only occupation they could be. Individuals in higher social ranks such as kings, some knights and people of the church looked down at people at lower ranks. In the movie this is seen when William is found to be a fraud and only because he isn’t nobility , he is arrested and shunned. Many aspects of the movie demonstrates that social statuses revolve around individuals having more pride by either earning it or pretending to have it.
A horror movie “makes people think, what if it was reality?” said by a thrill seeker person who was waiting to watch a horror movie. Experts also cite more various reasons about why people enjoy watching scary movies. For the thrill of it and also because it seems real for thrill seekers; these are some secretes reveled to show why thrill seekers enjoy horror movies. Feeling the sense of evil and being curious about understanding humanity’s dark side makes horror movies a perfect way of enjoying these feelings, and relieving the tension of curiosity about violent, blood and terrorism. Moreover, experts said that not only desirability to blood and fear could consider as an attraction to whose ...
...role of Femininity and Masculinity come to mesh together when some films and media are analyzed with these concepts in ones forethought. While media has always been a great instrument to disseminate concepts and new technology traditional roles and concepts of society govern how and what the writer and film producer are capable of communicating to the public at any one point. A film like “The Way We Were”, intermingle the Marxist concepts of an ideological society and oscillates between femininity and masculinity of the protagonist while concentrating on the group orientation and goals. One day science, media, and history may come together to explain the formal interrogative of our roles in society, family, government and media. For me I am satisfied believing some members within the media community produce films and books for the simple intent of entertainment.
During a review by Vox, of the gender biases in Hollywood that were reported by the data visualization website Polygraph, over 2,000 movies underwent scrutiny in determining why men have more dialogue in movies, even in those that are supposed to be focused on the lead female characters. In what was stated to be one of the largest analyses of script reviews of all time, it was determined that the male characters within the study overrule women in over 78% of the analyzed films. This was concluded through a cross-analysis of character information such as name, gender, and age, with the information reported by the popular movie database, IMDB. The results of their study are astonishing. In the 2,005 screenplays across all movie genres that were reviewed by Polygraph, only two movies were delivered 100% by the lead female character. Conversely, the male dominated list has not only the largest number of results;
In order to test this hypothesis 60 students will be randomly recruited. In order to get my 60 participants, I will pick students who id begins with the numbers 08. A total of 30 females and 30 males will be chosen, all psychology undergraduate students from Texas A&M International University, largely in the age range 20-25 years. No payment, other than receive 5 points of extra credit, will be offered for participation.
Women have made progress in the film industry in terms of the type of role they play in action films, although they are still portrayed as sex objects. The beginning of “a new type of female character” (Hirschman, 1993, pg. 41-47) in the world of action films began in 1976 with Sigourney Weaver, who played the leading role in the blockbuster film ‘Aliens’ as Lt. Ellen Ripley. She was the captain of her own spaceship, plus she was the one who gave out all the orders. Until then, men had always been the ones giving the orders; to see a woman in that type of role was outlandish. This was an astonishing change for the American industry of film. Sometime later, in 1984, Linda Hamilton starred in ‘The Terminator’, a film where she was not the leading character, but a strong female character as Sarah Connor. She had a combination of masculine and feminine qualities as “an androgynous superwoman, resourceful, competent and courageous, while at the same time caring, sensitive and intuitive” (Hirschman, 1993, pg. 41-47). These changes made in action films for female’s roles stirred up a lot of excitement in the “Western society” (Starlet, 2007). The demand for strong female characters in action films grew to a new high when Angelina Jolie starred in ‘Tomb Raider’ in 2001 and then in the sequel, ‘Tomb Raider II: The Cradle of Life’ in 2003 as Lara Croft. Her strong female character was not only masculine, but was also portrayed as a sex object. Most often, strong women in these types of films tend to fight without even gaining a mark. At the end of each fight, her hair and makeup would always be perfect. The female characters in these action films, whether their role was as the lead character or a supporting character, had similar aspects. I...