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Woman’s Equality in Law Enforcement Women equality in occupations is a very big deal that will sometimes be overlooked, mainly because women may be af...
What role does gender play in criminal justice
Woman’s Equality in Law Enforcement Women equality in occupations is a very big deal that will sometimes be overlooked, mainly because women may be af...
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Tina Huang
CRJ 111
Professor Morse
September 23, 2016
ESSAY 1
It has been a prolonged challenge and struggle for those that want equality, especially females. With females, they are oppressed in many various forms such as with the patriarchy, denial, absence of choices, etc. Being in prison is no different for females, since it is a male-dominated environment, with the threat of sexual harassment and assault always there. As demonstrated, “Feminists who emphasize the differences between male and female claim that women suffer from an equality model that operates under the guise of gender neutrality, because when gender differences are ignored, women’s status ends up being measured against a dominant male norm (textbook, pg. 51). It makes sense
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the police, courts, and corrections) must understand how women are different from men. They must be able to know that women like to build relationships and be that mother hen figure by nurturing others, while men seek power and status. This is because of how society has shaped gender expectations and roles for many centuries. Intersectionality is a notion that should be discussed more at length, it is the “interlocking sites of oppression inherent in the categories of race, ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, and age” (Textbook, pg. 6). This provides a good segue with the four kinds of oppression women may face, they are: psychological, social, economic, and political. The trauma-informed treatment approach is handy because it attempts to bring to light, hidden reasons that explain why female offenders did what they did. Most of the time, a large majority of female offenders have been sexually and physically abused by someone they know for a very long time (ex. family, friend, etc). Treating women similar to men is not considered equality, what constitutes true equality is by first learning about women and the social constructs they have to deal with due to gender relations which impacts the fundamentals of social order and its institutions. Gender matters a lot. “We cannot all succeed when half of us are held back” –Malala
The next big show that everyone seems to be talking about nowadays is “Orange is the new black.” A show that is centered on what citizens think a day in the life in a women’s prison is. But in all reality a women’s prison isn’t something to joke around about. Prison is defined as a correctional facility designed for confinement that is primarily ran by the state. Women serve their sentences in women’s prisons where men serve theirs in men’s prisons. According to Ashley Dugger an online introduction to criminal justice professor there is about 4,500 prisons in the United States alone. Of those 4,500 only 170 of them are solely women’s prisons.
The criminal justice system is dynamic and has changed rapidly since the works of Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso during Enlightenment Period and this reflects in the issue of intersectionality with the changing approaches taken towards concepts of gender, race and class. Sexual assault will be a predominate study used throughout the essay to examine the different approaches and issues between traditional and non-traditional justices. This essay will first establish where are these intersectionalities found in terms of sexual assault cases and the challenges victims face in the legal process with traditional approaches then followed by a comparison to the transition towards non-traditional alternative justice system has responded with a deeper insight into restorative justices and its effects on resolving these challenges. The role of alternative justice and the key challenges in disproportionate crimes are also important aspects of intersectionality in Australia as they aim to resolve challenges women and the mentally disabled encounter during processing through court in the criminal justice system.
A pivotal point in female corrections was the implementation of the Arbour Report (Griffiths & Murdoch, 2014). This report recommended that an all male emergency response team should not be the first response, also, male correctional staff cannot be present while a strip search in being conducted (Griffiths & Murdoch, 2014). This report shaped corrections and it makes the female offenders accounted for since their rights were infringed.
Statistically, the male population in jail/prisons are much higher than the female population. This is not necessarily because females are less inclined to criminal tendencies than males, but more because society views them more as victims and/or innocent. (Men Sentenced To Long…2012 p.2) From the time women are small until they grow up, they are told that they are fragile, kind, they should not curse, or fight, etc. There are countless sexist roles and behaviors that are pushed on women, and so society views women along side the typical view. In a statistical graph by the of Bureau of Justice Statistics states that the number of people incarcerated per 100,000 people of that sex is as follows: 126 women and 1,352 males. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010. p.1) That is an incredible difference in the number of incarcerated individuals per jail/prison. Societal view with women is becoming more level headed today, and sentencing disparity on the gender platform is coming to a more equal level; however, it is still a long way away from being equal. According to an article in the Huffington
Feminist Criminology, 7(2), 146-162. Kinder-Matthews, J. & Co., Ltd. (1994) The 'Standard' of the 'St Working with female sexual abusers. (pp. 57-67). The 'Secondary' of the Miccio & Fonseca, L.C. a.
Gender-based violence has been recognized as a large public health problem as well as a violation of human rights worldwide. One out of three women has been beaten, coerced into sex, or abused in another way at least once in her life (www.infoforhealth.org). The abuser is usually a member of the family, introducing the difficult problem in that the abuse usually happens behind closed doors, and is often viewed by cultural norms and legal systems as a family matter rather than a crime.
Many have argued that there is obvious disparate treatment among particular demographic groups of criminal defendants by the courts. While the federal sentencing guidelines were created in order to maintain uniform treatment of defendants based on legally relevant factors, we still see extralegal factors causing disparity. A significant amount of attention, however, has been focused on racial disparities in sentencing. While racial disparity is an important concern, there is another disparity with which attention is needed: sex-based disparity. Sex-based disparity, or, gender disparity, while it does receive significantly less media attention, is just as great if not greater than racial disparity. Similar to race, gender is considered an extralegal
The main issue of this proposal that must be taken in consideration is that many critics argue that men become ignored by feminism and that the argument for non-custodial sentences is feminist exceptionalism at work (Reed, 2013). Many argue that attempting to keep only women out of prison could be seen as sexist towards men and not about equality. However, it is important that equality is understood as not about treating everyone the same, but about treating everyone in such a way that the outcome for both men and women can be the same (Corston, 2007). Consequently, catering to everyone’s individual needs and preventing them from a life of
Historically, criminology was significantly ‘gender-blind’ with men constituting the majority of criminal offenders, criminal justice practitioners and criminologists to understand ‘male crimes’ (Carraine, Cox, South, Fussey, Turton, Theil & Hobbs, 2012). Consequently, women’s criminality was a greatly neglected area and women were typically seen as non-criminal. Although when women did commit crimes they were medicalised and pathologised, and sent to mental institutions not prisons (Carraine et al., 2012). Although women today are treated differently to how they were in the past, women still do get treated differently in the criminal justice system. Drawing upon social control theory, this essay argues that nature and extent of discrimination
In today’s society we are told to treat everyone equally, but is the Criminal Justice System doing so? We all see criminal reports through our t.v news, social media, etc. We can safely say that most of the criminal reports we see on crimes committed are done by African Americans and Hispanics. Crimes committed by White-Americans are rarely shown, and when they are the reports or crimes are not as intense compared to crimes committed by another race. Furthermore, more importantly many people can agree that the sentences that each “criminal” gets differs, not according to the crime that was committed, but to the race of the person. Could it be because African- Americans and Hispanics actually do commit more crimes than White-Americans do? Or are African Americans and Hispanics more likely to get caught and arrested for the crime that was committed than Americans due to their skin color? If that is the case, our society is not treating everyone equally like we should be. All races should be sentenced at an equal level of punishment, race should not determine the “criminal 's” sentence.
Outside of prison, women are susceptible to emotional and physical pain because of problems such as domestic violence or drugs. This prison also gave women the education they needed when they were eventually released. Some women had not even heard of the dangers of diseases like HIV before. Andrew Novinska pointed out in his article from 2002, women “have been viewed within our culture as less mentally healthy than men” (p. 105). The women in the 2002 study recognized that their own world is not safe, even being in prison.
Women in Prison. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics Varnam, Steve. Our prisons are a crime (reforming the prison system). Editorial. Christianity Today 21 June 1993
In order to answer these two research questions, the following factors will be discussed: relational violence in women’s prison, a comparison of sexual coercion experiences reported by men and women in prison, prisoner confrontations and the search for respect, and the rates of victimization.
First, Chesney-Lind points out that research on female offenders in general is lacking, and that victimization plays a key role in the offending of women. "…Responses must address a world that has been unfair to women and especially those of color and pover...
There have been several different court cases that have challenged the practices that are conducted in the women’s prison. These cases include Barefield v. Leach, Glover v. Johnson, Todaro v. Ward, Cooper v. Morin, and Carnterino v. Wilson. Barefield v. Leach occurred in 1974 was important for women because it set the standard through which the courts could measure whether women received a lower standard of treatment compared to men. Todaro v. Ward followed in 1977 this case declared that the failure to provide access to health care for incarcerated women was a violation of the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. Glover v. Johnson was next in 1979 it held that the state must provide the same opportunities for education, rehabilitation, and vocational training for females as provided for male offenders. Finally the last major court case that challenged the practices in a women’s prison is Cooper v. Morin which occurred in 1980. This particular case held that the equal protection clause prevents prison administrators from justifying the disparate treatment of women on the grounds that provided such services for women is inconvenient. At the end of the day theses court case stated that “males and females must be treated equally unless there is a substantial reason which requires a distinction to be made”. (Canterino v.