Galactosemia
Galactosemia is a genetically inherited metabolic disorder. This disorder leaves the disabled with a partial or complete lack of the enzyme Galactose – 1 – Phosphate Uridyl Transferase (GALT). This enzyme is found in the bloodstream and it is used for breaking down the sugar galactose. This disorder comes in two different variations. Though there is more than one type, it is still rare, having only 1 in 80,000 births being affected by the disorder.
Classic Galactosemia is the first and more common form of the disorder. This is the form when the affected has a complete loss of the enzyme. Both parents must contribute a galactosemic gene for a child to receive this very deadly form of the disorder. Because the body has none of the enzyme needed to turn galactose into glucose an accumulation occurs that is like a poison and is highly fatal. Classic Galactosemia is treatable through a strict diet of absolutely no lactose or galactose. Some common foods containing these are dairy products, legumes, breast milk, and many other foods. A test for galactosemia is done at the time of birth with other tests. If left untreated 75% of infants will die. Some effects of having classic galactosemia include: an enlarged liver, kidney failure, cataract, and brain damage.
Duarte Galactosemia is the second form. This form is when there is only a partial loss of the enzyme. The activity is usually 25%-50% that of a normal child. A child can get this form of galactosemia by inheriting a classic galactosemia gene from one parent and a duarte gene from the other. Much like classic galactosemia, duarte is found through a test done soon after birth. A strict diet is not needed for this form of the disorder. Instead a diet, it is recommended that lactose be slowly introduced untill normal consumption is accepted by the body. Because the affected can still process the foods, just not as well as a fully functional body.
A person with no galactosemia receives two normal genes for production of the GALT enzyme in the bloodstream. This persons genotype is N/N and they have normal fully functioning enzyme activity. A carrier of classic galactosemia inheriets one affected gene and one non, this persons genotype is G/N. This person has less than normal enzyme activity, but nothing that requires a diet or medical treatment. A classic galactosemic has two classic galactosemia genes.
Tearing the ACL is now considered an epidemic in the United States over 100,000 recorded incidences are reported each year (Moeller). While such a finding may be good for orthopedic doctors and surgeons, this is not good for millions of athletes’ competing these days in high intensity sports. This is especially a problem for female athletes who are two to four times more likely to tear their ACL than men (Moeller). This is one of the biggest mysteries about ACL tears is the difference between the number of injuries seen in women and men. Women tend to tear there ACL far more frequently then men. While not everyone agrees that gender itself is the source of the problem, evidence is growing that females are learning too late that participating in sports can also become the first step to ruining an active lifestyle.
The most common knee injury in sports is damage to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) through tears or sprains. “They occur in high demand sports that involve planting and cutting, jumping with a poor landing, and stopping immediately or changing directions” (University of Colorado Hospital). The ACL is a ligament that runs diagonally in the middle of the knee and found at the front of the patellar bone. Its function involves controlling the back and forth motion of the knee, preventing the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur, and providing rational stability to the knee. Interestingly, women are more prone to ACL injuries than men. The occurrence is four to six times greater in female athletes.
It is recorded that over 85 percent of people will have a meniscus damage after the first injury. When undergoing surgery there are a bounty of grafts that can be used. The patella tendon auto graft consist of the middle third patella along with a bone form the shin and the kneecap. Surgeons usually call this the “gold standard” and is highly suggested for patients with jobs or sports that involve a great deal of kneeling.
The athlete that was interviewed tore her ACL as a result of contact which is less common than noncontact tears. It is also common for the medial meniscus to be torn as well as the ACL, which she did have happen. Some symptoms of an ACL tear include hearing or feeling a pop, knee pain and swelling, instability, and difficulty walking. She had all of these symptoms except she didn’t have much pain until after she had surgery. Typically, surgery and rehabilitation are the most common treatment of ACL injuries, and that is what she had for her treatment. Some possible complications of ACL reconstruction surgery include numbness of surgical scar area, infection, and damage to structures, nerves, or blood vessels around the knee. Complications involving the graft include loosening or stretching of the graft, reinjury, and scar tissue. Also, range of motion might be limited at the extremes, but it is uncommon. She did not have any complications with her surgery. The same symptoms as ACL tears can be found with knee dislocations, meniscus injuries, and collateral ligament
In November of 2010, I was playing basketball in the fifth game of my senior season. It was just like any other game. However, I would soon find out otherwise. It was late in the game; I drove into the lane and got fouled hard. I was knocked so off-balance that I speared the floor with my knee. As soon as my knee hit the floor I heard a “snap” that I will never forget for the rest of my life. Little did I know at the time, that would be the last shot of my high school basketball career. Not long after my injury, I consulted a doctor. After getting an x-ray and an MRI, the doctor informed me that I had completely torn my ACL and would need to have surgery. An ACL tear can be a very devastating injury. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the four major ligaments within the knee. The ACL is one of the most commonly injured ligaments, injured by an estimated 200,000 patients each year. Of the 200,000 annual ACL injuries, surgery is performed in approximately 100,000 cases. There are many types of reconstructive surgery on the ACL. However, there is an alternative to surgery in the form of physical therapy.
Ligaments are tough, non-stretchable fibers that hold bones together. Damage to cruciate ligaments, which crisscross the knee to give it stability, is one of the most common sports injuries. The “tear” occurs from changing direction rapidly, slowing down from running, or landing from a jump improperly. The A.C.L tear is one injury that worries athletes in all sports at all levels because of its devastating effects. People ages 15-25 that participate in basketball and other sports that require pivoting are especially at risk.
In Anglo-Saxon culture heroes were determined by their bravery, strength, and glory. In the epic Beowulf, Beowulf is the epitome of an Anglo-Saxon hero because he displays all of these traits. Beowulf exhibits his bravery in the way he fearlessly goes into each of his three battles. He then displays his strength as he defeats each of the monsters. Finally, Beowulf is glorified by his comrades because of his heroic actions. Beowulf is an epic hero because he embodies his people’s ideals of bravery, strength, and glory through his battles.
This disorder comes in two different variations. Though there is more than one type, it is still rare, having only 1 in 100,000 births being affected by the disorder (Feinbloom). Classic Galactosemia is the first and more common form of the disorder. This is the form when the affected has a complete loss of the enzyme. Both parents must contribute a galactosemic gene for a child to receive the disorder. Since the accumulation of galactose behaves as a toxin in the body, serious complications such as an enlarged liver, kidney failure, cataracts, and brain damage may occur.
In every epic story, the center of attention will be on the epic hero. Usually all the epic heroes have some kind of special power, which keep them different from other characters. Later on, their epic journey these powers, help them to win the glory, which make them epic heroes. In Beowulf, Beowulf is truly an epic hero, because of his wisdom, strength and bravery.
The number of girls and women participating in all levels of sports has risen greatly in recent years, and the way they play has changed too. Women's sports used to be played by a slow defensive style. Today, the sports are played with speed, precision, and power. With these changes have come increased injuries, and female athletes have higher injury rates than men in many sports. Knee injuries have been rising in female sports. Anterior crutiate ligament (ACL) injuries have become the most common injury in the knee to female athletes. Females are four times more susceptible to injury then men.
Beowulf displayed great courage and honor throughout his journeys and battles; he was an epic hero. An epic hero is a person who is viewed as larger than life and possesses values of a certain society. From the time of Beowulf’s battle with Grendel to his brawl against the dragon, he has showed everyone what being an honorable hero looks like. His heroism is revealed through both youth as a young warrior and wisdom as a reliable king. He never backed down and didn’t give up when situations were tough. Beowulf had obligations to fulfill and went about every aspect of his life with courage and strength. He cared for his people and was willing to take on anyone that threatened them or his kingdom. He sincerely was the hero of his time.
The amount of time, effort, and money is bigger than you would think. The average amount of time it takes to fully recover from an ACL tear is between 6 and 12 months. Although by six months in the recovery you are able to do everything, it is best to wait till about nine months so the knee is fully stable for side to side movements. Most females tear their ACL in sports that require a lot of twisting, jumping, and cutting, such as basketball, soccer, and volleyball. While grinding through physical therapy for 6 months, it consists of tons of exercises to help regain all the strength back into and around the knee. The first few weeks of physical therapy consist of attending at least three times a week. As the patient gets stronger the start going once a week and doing their exercises on their own every other day. Physical therapy is extremely self reliant. The more the patient does the physical therapy, the stronger they get and can get back to their sport faster. Doctors and physical therapists have found that there are various exercises athletes, especially females can do to reduce the risk of an ACL tear. Some exercises include, squats, jump squats, lateral bounds, step ups, hamstring curls, and romanian deadlifts. All of the exercises used to reduce the risks of tears by targeting strengthening the hips, hamstrings, and
Sugar is considered a toxic poison. Sugar leaches the calcium out of the skeletal frame of a human’s body. Sugar literally sucks the calcium straight from our bones; therefore it is known to many as a “skeletal poisonous powder.” There are thousands of individuals struggling throughout the United States with sugar addiction. Sugar is a leading cause of a number of health-related issues. Sugar causes health issues such as, fibromyalgia, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. Like me, many individuals have no clue that they are addicted to sugar. Up until this single subject design, I thought my eating habits were quite normal. I honestly did not realize how much sugar I was taking in everyday. This single subject design has truly encouraged me to live a healthier lifestyle. The purpose of this study is to indirectly determine my sugar intake, by counting calories daily and reducing my caloric intake.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short-term type of diabetes and the most common health problem in pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM accounts for 5-7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy, the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby.
Traumatic injuries seem to occur a lot in the sport of football. Knee injuries seem to be one of the most occurring traumatic injuries in football (Become an Advocate for Sports Safety). The main types of traumatic knee injuries are: tearing/spraining of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and the meniscus, which is the cartilage that is in the knee (Become an Advocate for Sports Safety). The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a very vital ligament in the knee. It is the main stabilizer of the knee. Surprisingly usually the anterior cruciate ligament is torn from a non-contact twisting of the knee (5 Most Common Football injuries (and How to Prevent Them)). The knee normally pops and it will begin to swell and it may feel unstable (5 Most Common Football injuries (and How to Prevent Them)). Swelling depends on the severity in the tear of the ligament. The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four main ligaments that provide stability to the knee joint (Common Football Injuries). It is the most important out of the four. Injuries to any of the cruciate ligaments in the knee are most of the time sprains (Common Football Injuries). The anterior cruciate ligament being the most often stretched, strained, sprained or either tore (Common Football Injuries). Most of the knee injuries that occur in footbal...