In Fyfe and Kenny’s work, the different ways that the city forms and operates are explored. The first paper details how cities expand and it provides a simple model showing the succession of how the city expands. In this model, the city expands from the “loop” which would be the central business district, to the area of transition where manufacturing is done, to the areas of residence for workers, and then to the suburban residential zone. Another concept in this paper would be how the disorganization of a large number of immigrants has caused “slums” and regions of extreme poverty to pop up outside the loop of cities. Mobility is also mentioned as an explanation for the high costs of land in central areas within cities. The second paper details
According to Lehrer, U., & Wieditz, T. (2009), Toronto saw a massive population growth in a period of thirty years due to the extensive construction of high-rise condominium towers which led to the city being divided into three distinct cities: “city of the rich, the shrinking city of middle-income households, and the growing city of concentrated poverty.” According to the article the division is caused by the development of condominiums as the new form of gentrification which displaces the poor people and focuses to attract the higher-income people to the area.
Fosse took a vaudevillian approach to his movement, specializing each body part as intensely as possible. Energy flowed from every inch of Fosse’s movement from his face all the way down to his toes. Robbins and Fosse had different approaches to the male and female anatomy of movement. Robbins saw the male’s physicality as useful and predominant in his productions West Side Story and On the Town when it came to partnering movements and bold/powerful expressions. Fosse idolized the female’s body and made the men more feminine, in productions of Chicago and Sweet Charity creating a juxtaposition between power on the sexes. They both used the emphasis of unified movement to create an instability in times of the changing world in their pieces.
However, tracing the roots of gentrification is not a standard process, as the phenomenon’s characteristics may differ according to the context where the theory is applied. It involves complex social relationships, cultural shifts, and global economy pressures that are shaped in diverse forms throughout the city’s landscape, among other factors. These may be some of the main reasons why gentrification studies have been generally carried out under the lo...
Gentrification is generally a sign of growth in economics. As money flows into a neighborhood, many characteristics of everyday life are transformed for the “better”. Buildings and parks are modernized and revamped. Jobs become available with the increased construction activity and new service and retail businesses. The funding for local public schools will increase as the property tax base increases. There are many benefits of gentrification. However, the questions posed by critics of gentrification are, "Do new and old residents alike equally share the benefits of economic growth?" and "Socially, what is the cost of economic growth?" These two questions provoke a host of others, such as: Who benefits the most from this growth? What will be the damage to the cultural and social fabric of the neighborhood with the arrival of new expectations, tastes, and demographics?
Who hasn’t seen the critical examples of overpopulation that are always depicted with large cities, tall buildings and many people? It is a common thought that cities are the cause of air pollution and are in no way thought of to be sustainable or as having a smaller footprint than those residing in rural zones. Yet, this chapter shows that the criticisms have no bearing when it comes to cities and rather, cities are better in terms of stronger economies, those who live in cities have smaller families, and the more the city is developed the lower the level of poverty (unlike rural areas which shows to have a higher level of poverty). The misconception that cities are actually overusing resources and contributing to environmental degradation is not the case. The chapter cites that this is not so, it is rather “industries and commercial and industrial enterprises (or corporations) and middle and upper income groups with high consumption lifestyles.” (56) These wealthier people who want to live more luxuriously, often live on acres of land with multiple cars, thus do not often reside in the city. The chapter continues to list the positive roles of cities, for example, “lower costs per household and per enterprise for the provision of piped, treated water supplies…collection and disposal of human wastes.” (56) Another positive is the efficient use from recycled waste, also a smaller demand for land relative to the population in cities. The fourth advantage is listed as more efficient heating techniques, and fifthly, a greater use of public transportation. The rich culture found in cities is also cited in the chapter. It concludes with the need for “good governance,” whereby the goals are met and cost is not past onto others, without it the cities are left to be sources of pollution, sickness, and waste
Segrue, Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton University Press, 1996.
Line of duty death are terrible but they can be prevented by following the right procedure. Kyle Dinkheller was sheriff who made a couple mistakes which cost him his life. First he let the suspect get out of his car before the deputy ask him to. Second, he let the suspect feel like he was in charged in the traffic stop. Third, he let the suspect return to his vehicle after he was being uncooperative. Lastly, Dinkheller should more training with his weapon.
Beginning in the 1960s, middle and upper class populations began moving out of the suburbs and back into urban areas. At first, this revitalization of urban areas was 'treated as a 'back to the city' movement of suburbanites, but recent research has shown it to be a much more complicated phenomenon' (Schwirian 96). This phenomenon was coined 'gentrification' by researcher Ruth Glass in 1964 to describe the residential movement of middle-class people into low-income areas of London (Zukin 131). More specifically, gentrification is the renovation of previously poor urban dwellings, typically into condominiums, aimed at upper and middle class professionals. Since the 1960s, gentrification has appeared in large cities such as Washington D.C., San Francisco, and New York. This trend among typically young, white, upper-middle class working professionals back into the city has caused much controversy (Schwirian 96). The arguments for and against gentrification will be examined in this paper.
In the documentary, The City (1939), the filmmakers examine the problems of large overpopulated cities and advocates the creation of new suburban communities that will benefit the average modern family. It details the harmful environment that large cities create for the habitants in the area. While, also providing specific facts on the advantages of suburban communities. As in The City (1939,) both articles by Buckley and Wirth tackle the topic of urbanism. In Urbanism as a Way of Life, Wirth describes the nature of a city and the ways a city affect its inhabitants. While, Newcomers Adjust, Eventually, to New York, focuses on the difficulties of living in a city and how hard it is to call it home. Both articles aim to describe the nature and relationship that the city have on its inhabitants, while using similar evidence to define the daunting and difficulties of urban life.
In this thesis, the main theories that seek to explain city land use patterns will be examined and
The paper focuses of the ‘Incremental Housing’ developed by natural growth process, in the periphery of New Delhi, India and proposes a model, which shows the strong and positive connection between the facility of adequate housing and encouraging a better and developed living environment. The interest for incremental cities comes from a concern for the types of urbanism that has grown over time through gradual growth and infill. Incremental cities are the outcome of a continuous modification of their past and present, concerning existing and evolving local conditions. This cannot either be master planne...
Apart from the real estate and the government, private businesses can influence the development of urban areas. Manufacturing in this country has been a prime example of this. Before the manufacturing industry was a major contributor to the expansion of the city and into the suburbs. As costs of manufacturing became increasingly important, many leading manufacturers relocated their plants to more inexpensive areas such as Mexico. (gottdineir, 2011, p.79) The auto industry in areas like Detroit are a prime example of what the effects of the uneven allocation of capital can be. The uneven development in these areas are then characterized by high levels of poverty and crime making them unappealing to real estate or private investment rather than attracting it, causing a devastating trend hard to
Roberto Camagni, Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp. (2001). Handbook of Urban Studies. London: SAGE Publications.
Modifications in economic processes are important drivers which can lead to changed patterns of production, for example in form of changed patterns of economic specialisation. Duranton and Puga (2005) argue that with improved organisation in economic processes sectoral specialisation where core-peripheral patterns is displaced by functional specialisation and characterised by different economic specialisation of cities. The development of specialised urban locations leads to an increase of interaction and flows between these different sites. In regions where previous secondary centers can complement, huge core cities polycentric metropolitan regions arise. Prud’homme (1996) provides a convincing explanation for the growth of megacities in the last part of the twentieth century: Megacities’ capacity to maintain a unified labor market is the true long run limit to their size. Market fragmentation due to management or infrastructure failure should therefore result initially in economic decay and eventually in a loss of population1. In this paper, I am considering the spatial structure of a city as the possible cause of labor markets consolidation or fragmentation. It is obvious that the fragmentation of labor markets might have many different other causes, for instance, rigidity of labor laws or racial or sex
This development led to an expansion of cities not only in physical terms with low density housing but also in terms of functional relationship, creating an area of urban influence around cities. (Friedmann & Miller,