Fukuyama's article states that the world is nearing the "end of history". While the phrase "end of history" seems to suggest imminent doom and the end of the world. That is, however, not what he is suggesting. Fukuyama argues that history, or in other words the growth and development of human ideals and philosophies, is reaching its peak. The article delves into the various eras of the past such as the renaissance and explains the strengths and weaknesses of the main ideologies during those eras. He then further explains the growth pattern between those eras which has lead to the current ideology of liberal democracy. He believes that liberal democracy is the best ideology and that it is the final stage in human ideological development. He further suggest that human history should be viewed as a progression or battle of ideologies. With the current trend of universalization of liberal democracy and individualism, both characteristics of Western culture, he argues that Western liberal democracy has become the grand victor. He also asserts that despite the liberal democratic ideology has not completely been realized in the material world, the idea has been accepted and has triumphed over all alternate ideologies. Fukuyama discusses the work of past philosophers, particularly Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, to explore the idea of history and its past, present and end. Hegel pinpointed the French Revolution as the start of the liberal and democratic system. He commented on how the triumph of the numerous poor to persuade the rich to give them what they want. When this system began to be realized in the world, Hegel argued that with this ideology major issues that characterized changes in history, such as war, would diminish. To pr... ... middle of paper ... ...ve to get history started once again". This comment suggest that the current idea, liberalism, may just be a phase in Human ideology that happened to spread worldwide. Though he made a compelling argument and posed thought provoking questions that supported his argument, the flaws in his argument, after stringent analysis, contradict his main points. Works Cited Ferguson, C. (Director). (2010). Inside job [Documentary]. USA: Sony. Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History.The National Interest, Summer. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://www.wesjones.com/eoh.htm GDP Growth (annual %). (2013). The World Bank. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries?display=graph World - Death Rate. (2013). Historical Data Graphs per Year. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=26&c=xx&l=en
The Species of the World. A people's history of the United States. (2003 ed.) In: The Journal of Science.
The world was hectic in the 20th century. The first plane was flown, World War I took place (1914-1918), communists took over Russia and China (1917), penicillin was discovered (1928), the U.S. stock market crashed (1929), and the DNA’s structure was discovered (. However, on the eastern side of the world, the most notable occurrences were probably Hitler’s rise as chancellor and his launching of the Kristallnacht, the German invasion of Poland, Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor, and the Holocaust. Further east, specifically Japan, its 124th Emperor had just inherited his father’s place, right before entering World War II.
In the End of History?, which was written at the conclusion of the cold war, Fukuyama argues that with the collapse of communism and of the Soviet Union, that history in terms of ideological differences had come to an end. What does this mean? Fukuyama believed that liberal democracies in which the western world and Europe had become accustomed too, was reaching its pinnacle, its prime. It had begun to spread throughout the world. He believed that as time went on, every society would adapt their ideologies to converge to varying degrees of liberal democracy. According to Fukuyama, there will be no more real adversaries to liberalism and thus, history in an ideological sense had ended.
The “Gentleman of Western Learning” presents arguments centered around the political ideology of pacifism and can be seen as the “idealist” of the book, advocating ideas out of his time, seemingly to be a man of vision in today’s context. He proposes the abolishment of the Japanese military and believes that a moral defense built through the virtues of liberty, freedom, equality and fraternity would be more than sufficient to safeguard the nation’s shores and interests (Pg. 51). His cause for unilateral disarmament is indeed noble, though sadly, a pipe dream in his era.
On September 3, 1945, the world awoke to a feeling of serenity it had only experienced a few times in the past 30 years. The second of two arduous world wars was over, the geographical lines of the globe had been redrawn, and new policies were emerging daily to prevent these events from repeating themselves. With the jarring events that took place in this relatively short time span, a global shift was inevitable and swift moving. A total overhaul of the ideology of humans was in the works in 1945, and human rights (including women, African Americans, Jews, and other minorities) catapulted to the forefront of global politics. But before this could happen, the maps had to be “redrawn.” Individuals who lived through this time period saw the world as they know it change, from
ABSTRACT: I give reasons to believe that our present situation is not as bleak as some would have it. I show how the historical process can be understood in terms of a Premodernity (Aquinas), Modernity (Hegel), and Postmodernity (Nietzsche) division of human history. I argue that both Hegel and Nietzsche were fully aware that Modernity was over and that a negative Postmodern condition was to necessarily precede a consummatory positive one. Also since history may be taken to have reached its goal at the end of Modernity (with Reasons grasp of Christianity’s principle), Postmodernity can best be understood in terms of its central task of elevating all humanity into absolute knowing (the knowing of the God within)—an elevation via Reason and Faith achievable only by the abolition of the God outside, i.e., by a negative followed by a positive period of history, which Schelling refers to as the Church of John, a synthesis of Catholicism and Protestantism, the perfected Church.
In 1806, nearly two hundred years before Fukuyama’s audacious historical stance, George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel declared the end of history. Hegel bases his claim in that the Napoleonic Code, a preliminary, yet revolutionary replacement of previous feudal laws, was being promulgated and slowly implemented throughout Napoleon’s empire . Hegel believes, however, that the adoption of a particular code or set of standards for a civil society, like the Napoleonic Code or the Constitution of the United States, is stipulated on the rational evolution or progression of peoples towards the realization that they are free or equal. In short, a constitution that guarantees your freedom means nothing to those who do not possess the self-consciousness
History is more than a collection of facts from pastimes, or a one-sided story containing the “right” answer. History contains a narrative; however, this narrative combines historical narratives from different perspectives, in order to create an inclusive history. Unfortunately, this narrative is sometimes hidden by overpowering perspectives, and consequently, prevents other perspectives from being recognized. American history is argued as one of these overpowering perspectives, as it has portrayed history from a white American view point. This argument is not uncommon, nor is it exclusive to the United States. Most of the developed world has and overpowering perspective of history. However, it is important to use the building blocks found in less developed nations to reconstruct history, in order to represent a more inclusive narrative. Dr. Paul Ortiz’s,
Marx and Engels, and Kant share a fundamental commonality in the conception of human history in that they both acknowledge history as a rational process whose movement follows a progressive future outline. Their concept of process, a central theme to their conception of human history, gives meaning to individual human actions which appears as simple, haphazard event, with purposive shape and rational meaning. In Kant, progress assumes the form of realizing the human potential of reason; in Marx, it is the abolishment of class differences in the revolutionary transition to communism. To this extent, one can characterize their theory as utopian conception of historical progress, having a teleological purpose at the end of human history.
a. The adage of the adage of the adage of the adage of the adage of the adage of the adage of the adage of the adage of the a Ecuador. The. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/ecu/en/.
“The effectivity or actuality of the democratic promise, like that of the communist promise, will always keep within it, and it must do so, this absolutely undetermined messianic hope at its heart, this eschatological relation [for example, a relation to the final coming of Christ, or the final event] to the to-come of an event and of a singularity, of an alterity that cannot be anticipated” (81).
When World War I ended, Progressivism ended as well which occurred when much of the world’s problems were being put at rest; thu...
John Lewis Gaddis, in his book, The Landscape of History, generates a strong argument for the historical method by bringing together the multiple standpoints in viewing history and the sciences. The issue of objective truth in history is addressed throughout Gaddis’s work. In general, historians learn to select the various events that they believe to be valid. Historians must face the fact that there is an “accurate” interpretation of the past ceases to exist because interpretation itself is based on the experience of the historian, in which people cannot observe directly (Gaddis 10). Historians can only view the past in a limited perspective, which generates subjectivity and bias, and claiming a piece of history to be “objective” is simplistic. Seeing the world in a multidimensiona...
In Huxley's novel the World State controls the past by suppressing it, which goes directly against conservative ideas. In the World State the citizens are kept from thinking about the past. The government does it's best to suppress the past and keep citizens from indulging in knowledge about it. All books from early writers like Shakespeare and the Bible were burned and are now illegal. They are taught that "history is bunk," through conditioning. This conditioning along with the society's negative view on leisure time leaves most citizens without time or the intellect to question the past or the present. On the other hand conservative ideals would lead a citizen to believe that we are products of the past and that we should learn from our ancestors. They believe that our ancestors are more knowledgeable than present citizens. Thus, we should follow their ex...
Hegel is considered one of the most famous German philosopher’s who wrote and taught during the early 1800’s. Hegel thought that humanity and civilizations was inevitable working towards becoming a free society in hope that this idea and process would spread throughout the world. Many of Hegel’s ideas such as his dialect and triad greatly influenced the 19th century. This movement also translated over into the ideas and findings of people in the new world with liberal and free market democracies who represent the final state of Hegel’s progress. Hegel’s ideas can all be seen as part of a progression and broken down and explained through his teachings and theories, the Hegelian triad, and the legacy that Hegel left behind.