3.3.2 Triangulation
Triangulation is "the combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomena" (Denzin 291). Triangulation is also defined as "a process by which the researcher can guard against the accusation that a study 's findings are simply an artifact of a single method, a single source, or a single investigator 's biases" (Patton 1197). There are different types of triangulation. Patton differentiates between four types: a) methods triangulations; b) triangulation of sources; c) analyst triangulation; and d) perceptive triangulation (1993). Triangulation can be used not only in qualitative research, but also in quantitative research. Bamberger states that: ".. triangulation is also used in quantitative research, usually
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By involving referees, a researcher candidate can get a clear understanding about the items used as well as the validity of such items to the content of the research conducted. In this study, the researcher sent his questionnaire to some PhDs holders in the field of applied linguistics and English language teaching (ELT) to get highly valid and reliable data. At the first step, the researcher discussed the questionnaire items with some PhD candidates in the field of ELT. Then, after that discussion, the researcher sent the questionnaire items to Dr. Paul John Kurf, Ph.D., Academic Specialist, Michigan State University, UAS. Dr. Paul sent back the questionnaire with some comments and suggestions, which the research took into account and modifying the draft of the questionnaire. The researcher then sent the questionnaire to Dr. Reza Mobashshernia who holds PhD in Applied Linguistics and is employed by English Department, at Islamic Azad University, in Chaloos, IRAN). He is one of the Iranian PhD experts in the field of Applied linguistics. Dr. Mobashshernia was asked to check the content validity of the items as they related to the research questions. The researcher 's items designs got a high score of validity from Dr. Mobashshernia, that is, a score of 96%. The data related to that score is included in the appendix. The researcher also sent the …show more content…
The final step of refereeing the questionnaire is that it has been sent to four of the famous professors of English language lecturing at Aden University of Yemen. Those professors are asked to check the clarity and ease of use the terms to be used by the researcher to the sample. All the professors are native speakers of Arabic and perfectly aware of the performance of the study sample. After that the questionnaire was sent to my supervisor, Dr. S.S. Kanade to check the validity and reliability of my items because he is the most familiar with my topic , as he is working with me from the beginning and got good understanding of my topic. Finally, as soon as I got the agreement from my supervisor to pilot the questionnaire item, I tried out my
The aim of this paper is to explore and critically analysing two research articles. The critical analysis will explain the importance of the study, evaluate design and research method used in those articles. To identify any gaps it will provide the literature review in those researches and possibility for the new study. The project plan, for the possible research will be developed on a potential gaps and the essay will finish with the conclusion.
A group of 29 students were selected to conduct the study. Students were chosen according to their willingness to participate in study to share their experiences and thoughts of having teachers of like background as they. Of out of six class periods only one class period was chosen. The students selected were interviewed and were given a survey to complete. In this class there are high, middle, and low student performers. This is beneficial for the study being conducted collecting the data from the different intelligence levels of the students obtaining an extensive variety of the perspectives of every student. In addition, there is English Language Learners (ELL)
The frequencies of responses from the questionnaires were calculated. Chi square test were then conducted to find out if there was any difference between the student’s response and the teachers’ response. Calculation using t-test was also carried out for the responses from Likert scale items on the questionnaire.
research. There are certain features that are in common between the techniques and certain that
This research was prepared by Rashid Ahli for the English Language subject, taught by Mr.Abass Abdulsamad.
The design of the questionnaire is based on the descriptive survey format (Oppenheim, 2002); however, as it is just a first attempt at designing the questionnaire, I can predict that after having carried out the pilot work (ibid), the ordering of questions sequences could be changed.
Qualitative and quantitative instruments were used in obtaining data for this instructional problem. The first instrument used was quantitative, the instructor gave students a writing assignment, and when it was graded, it was clear that there was a problem with effective topic and thesis statements, as well as general organization of the paper. To be sure that this wasn’t an isolated problem, the second instrument was developed; a quantitative instrument that surveyed the teachers, asking for information on their students comprehensive writing skills.
The two questions were designed to provide useful information. The respondents who are female and age between 18-24 or 25-35 contributed to the research. Others were seen as invalid questionnaires. The third section is the most important section of the questionnaire. There were ten closed questions in the third section which follow an easy to hard order, but eight of them were single answer questions whereas the rest two were multiple choice questions.
In the past,large scale and standardized testing organizations have implemented language assessments aimed to assess the English language proficiency of students aiming to study in higher education.These high stake tests play a vital role when decisions made on individual performance and its outcome is considered as a diagnosis of the test takers’ ability.Among these performance, the International English Language Testing System ( IELTS) writing score is considered by most universities a benchmark against learners success in higher education.This has increase the concern of non-native (NNS) raters reliability and their consistency in rating scores in countries these tests are adopted. Although these NNS raters are not qualified as IELTS examiners,they are occupying IELTS preparation language classes in these countries. As a wash back to the assessment,the curriculum of such courses is shaped by how the raters perceive the assessment criteria.
The IELTS test is designed to assess students’ competence in English language in an integrated skills; reading, speaking, writing and listening. It is an obligatory exam for registration in many universities as well as it is a certificate to raise their luck in gaining a job. The listening test is particularly aimed at measuring the ability of students understanding of English. In most cases Universities offer preparation course for the students to develop their skills further, in order to prepare them, the exam centres are well equipped with computers, microphones and other recording devices. This paper will accentuate on evaluating an IELTS listening test in relation to its reliability, validity, authenticity, instructiveness, fairness, impact and wash back. The particular test to be evaluated was taken from IELTS official practice material updated in March 2009.
From the beginning of time there have been many anomalies in humanity. With the advancement of techniques, tools, and knowledge, our understanding of the world aspires to clarify our curiosities. The most beneficial to factors throughout our history would include our knowledge of numbers. Numbers hold great possibilities and bring forth answers to the most complex systems of life. Our mathematics is incorporated into basic aspects of our daily lives, allowing us to unlock our potentials and give keys to uncover the hidden secrets in the universe.
The questionnaire was developed in order to gain the background information about the participant. The questions included the participant’s age, sex, religion, ethnic background, if they are in education, if so, the subject(s) studied, and how many years they have been studying, if they are in an exclusive romantic relationship, and if they have children, if so, then how many.
Richards, J. C., Platt, J., & Plat, H. (2000). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Studies using quantitative research analyze phenomena by trends and frequencies (Al-Busaidi, 2008). The sample size is important. A small sample could change the outcome. It could be an overrepresentation of a small subgroup within the specific population. The risk of sampling errors decrease as the sample size becomes larger. How the sample size is determined and the way participants are invited into the research is included within the write up. The data collected can be from a multitude of methods including interviews, questionnaires, attitude scales, or observational tools. When asking questions, the choices are typically closed-ended with fixed answers. The data analysis for quantitative studies includes complex language and statistical tests. The researcher identifies what statistical method was used and the results. It is commonly understood that if the research descriptive in design use descriptive statistics; while correlational studies, quasi-experimental and experimental studies use inferential statistics. Tables, charts, and graphs are displayed within the resu...
This chapter explains on the research methodology that being used for this study. In order to achieve the objective of the study, methodology acts as a guideline for conducting a research. Research methodology is a systematic way to solve the research problem ( Rajasekar et al., 2006). In this chapter, there are several part that have been prioritize which is premilinary stage, collecting data, analyzing data, summarize data and write up research’s finding.