Accordingly, California attested that significant subaverage intellectual functioning can be established by any other means besides IQ. However, on the other end of the scale, Arkansas defines intellectual impairment as “rebuttable presumption of (intellectual disability] when a defendant has an intelligence quotient of sixty-five or below." With the second prong of defining limitations in adaptive behavior, Tennessee narrows its definition of adaptive behavior by applying it only to at least two basic skills: “communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety.” On the other hand, the CCA’s definition of mentally impaired …show more content…
Even the DSM-5 ensures that the IQ tests are not “overemphasized as the defining factor of a person’s overall ability without adequately considering function levels.” Moore, over the course of 18 years, took seven IQ tests, averaging at 70.66. Five of the seven IQ tests he took were administered before the age of 18; however, the CCA only considered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children test which he made a 78 on and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test which he scored 74. The CCA held, “Moore’s IQ scores placed him above the intellectually disabled range,” and therefore, “failed to prove by a preponderance of evidence that he has significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning.” The AAIDD recognize that an individual with an intellectual disability has the potential of having an IQ score of as high as 75. Unfortunately, we have reason to believe that the CCA did not take into consider mitigating factors that would further prove the significant subaverage general intellectual functioning (i.e. his head injury in when he was ten, dropping out of school in ninth grade, failing second grade twice). DSM-V explains that when assessing IQ test scores, clinicians must include a margin for measurement of plus or minus five points (65-75) — a standard recognized in Hall. Using
Not only does the KBIT-2 lack in accommodating for cultural and language barriers, but it is also deficient towards those with mild to moderate motor difficulties due to the fact that the test requires minimal motor skills (Bain & Jaspers, 2010). However, since the test does not require time limits individuals with mild motor difficulties could be assessed. Overall, the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition appears to be psychometrically strong and feasible assessment to administer (Bain & Jaspers, 2010).
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation was introduced to viewers in October 2000. Since that time, the franchise has added two versions in major metropolitan areas, now addressing crime scenarios in Las Vegas, Miami and New York City. Based on the most recent Nielsen ratings for primetime television shows, the CSI franchise claimed approximately 35 million viewers during the 2010 – 2011 viewing season. The popularity of forensic science drama on television has led officers of the court to voice opinions that there is a “CSI effect” which alters the juror pools and outcomes of criminal trial proceedings. The differences between made for television fiction and actual crime solving are many and when jurors consider themselves pseudo-experts those lines may get blurred in the courtroom.
The most notable Supreme Court case regarding this issue was Atkins v. Virginia in 2002. Deryl Atkins was sentenced to lifetime imprisonment after robbing a man and shooting him eight times with his accomplice. Atkins had an IQ of 59 and the courts consider legal mental retardation below an IQ of 70. Atkins was saved from the death penalty due to this and has saved many others since. More recently, Freddie Lee Hall has been on death row for over 30 years and his case is being reconsidered because of the previously mentioned case. He has tested his IQ multiple times and ranged in between 60-80, most commonly in the low 70’s. The problem lays in that the Supreme Court gives each state the freedom to decide what IQ is justified as mentally retarded, as well as what happens to criminals that meet that standard.
Another discrepancy between actual forensics and how it is portrayed in the media is the availability of information in databases. There is only a small percentage of the entire population’s fingerprints or DNA samples stored within databases such as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). This makes finding a match between a DNA sample or fingerprint difficult, as a match would only be found if the person’s information was already stored within the database. If there is no match previously stored in a database, the fingerprint or DNA sample could be potentially rendered useless within a trial. Typically, in order to perform an analysis, investigators must already have a suspect in mind and request a DNA or fingerprint sample from him or her. If the suspect does not want to provide one however, the sample collected as evidence may not count as valid. The CSI effect creates an idealized image that all crimes can be solved with a hair or drop of blood, but this is not always the case in real life.
In order for a test to have appeal is must have validity (Cohen, 2012). The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales has been praised for its validity, and it utilizes the CHC model with is a composite model of intelligence (Cohen, 2012). The Wechsler model also shows strong validity and it also uses the CHC model (Cohen,
Similar to IDEA, is Section 504 of the Act. Students are eligible for Section 504 if they have a "physical or mental impairment which substantially limits a major life activity." Section 504 also requires schools to meet certain evaluation criteria in order to assess how a student's disability affects the child's educational performance.
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, by Dillenburger, K., and Keenan M., published in 2009, summarized Nov 19, 2009
Average scores for the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests are ranges 90 to 110. A score below 70 indicates mental retardation. Those who have IQ score over 165 are considered geniuses.
Richards, T. (2001). Website of the week: Testing intelligence. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 323(7308), 348.
There have been many studies of IQ measurement. Some believe in testing and then looking at biology or heritage of the child. These people also like to use statistics to try to put some sort of explanation on IQ levels. Then there are other groups that use cultural ecology. They study IQ by what effect the environment has on a child, and feel testing it is unfair to the child. The problem is that these two groups rarely come together to help each other. So there are big questions as to what IQ really is and how it should be measured.
“Before God we are all equally wise - and equally foolish.” (Einstein). Developmental disability, better known as intellectual disability, or mental retardation is a disorder that causes individuals to preform at below average levels (“Intellectual”). This disorder is characterized by continued infant-like behavior, decreased learning ability, failure to meet the markers of intellectual development, inability to meet educational demands, and a lack of curiosity (“Intellectual”). Some people with intellectual disabilities are able to live normal lives, while others may require assistance. Most people with intellectual disabilities have the same capacity to preform the same task as those without intellectual disabilities.
In this world, there are many different individuals who are not only different in demographics but also different neurologically. Due to an immense amount of people it is important to first understand each individual, in order, to better understand them and to help them when it comes to certain areas such as education, the work force, and etc…. For this reason psychologists have aimed to further understand individuals through the use of psychological assessments. This paper aims to examine a particular assessment tool, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (Fifth Edition), which measures both intelligence and cognitive abilities (Roid, 2003). This assessment is usually administered by psychologists and the scores are most often used to determine placement in academics and services allotted to children and adolescents (despite their compatibility for adults) (Wilson & Gilmore, 2012). Furthermore before the investigation dives into the particulars of the test, such as its strengths and weakness’, it is best to first learn more about the intelligence scales general characteristics.
While the IQ test is generally used and widely accepted they have been criticized for several different reasons. One is that the test by its nature measures how well a person does answering questions on paper. However it is well-known that not all forms of intelligence involve memorizing words or solving equations. Recently there has been a movement in psychology regarding something called EQ or emotional quotient. What this is saying that there should also be a rating for people that are particularly able to deal with other people and social situations. While someone that is very good at dealing with people and real world situations is generally not regarded as being intelligent in a stereotypical manner there hasn’t been any definition of intelligence proposed which have ruled out this particular form of intelligence.
Can intelligence be measured? Does an IQ test actually measure a person’s intelligence? Does a high score indicate a genius? Does a low score indicate stupidity or merely ignorance? These questions have been asked over and over again by psychiatrists and scientists alike, but to date there are no clear answers. These questions cannot be answered without first defining what is meant by the term intelligence. Once intelligence has been defined then it should be easy to answer these questions; however, multiple definitions of the word tend to lead to further confusion.
When we think about intelligent, the first thing comes to our mind is a smart person. A person how has a higher score than other people in school. A person how has a high score in the intelligent tests, such as IQ test and GAT test. However, Harvard Professor Howard Gardner believes that intelligence is not about a high grade on the IQ test. In his 1993 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, he found that all people skills can be defined into eight different areas. The eight multiple intelligences are linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, and naturalist. Each person might be strong or weak in one of those areas.