According to the CDC, FAS is the leading cause of preventable developmental disabilities and birth defects. It is not known how many people have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders or FASD of which fetal alcohol syndrome is the most prevalent of the spectrum of disorders. CDC studies have identified 0.2 to 1.5 infants are born with FAS per 1000 live births, (this rate is comparable or higher than rates for other disorders such as Spina Bifida and Down syndrome) another study found FAS in 0.3 out of 1000 children aged 7 to 9 years. The Minnesota Department of Health states that because not all children exhibit facial characteristics, it is under diagnosed and up to 20% of children have been exposed prenatally to alcohol. Epidemiologic studies …show more content…
(Alters, 2012). Additionally, the CDC has found that 12% of pregnant women reported that they drank alcohol while pregnant and nearly 2% admitted engaging in binge drinking (consuming 5 or more drinks on any one occasion) while pregnant. The life time cost for an individual with FAS estimated in 2002 was $2 million, more for those with profound intellectual disability, the cost to the United States alone is over $4 …show more content…
The fetus in utero may show signs of slow growth and organs may not develop correctly. After birth there can be physical defects evidenced by a smooth skin surface between upper lip and nose, the nose may be upturned, wide set eyes and an extremely thin upper lip. The head may be small in circumference and brain size, deformities of the joints, vision and hearing problems, heart defects and problems with bones and kidneys. There may be problems with the central nervous system and brain, including poor memory and judgement, learning disorders, delayed development, poor coordination and/or balance and hyperactivity or jitteriness, and mood swings. Children born with FAS may have difficulty is school, have poor social skills, have trouble adapting to change, lack impulse control, unable to stay on task and find it hard to plan or work towards a goal. The severity and negative effects range from subtle to serious, they are always
It is characterized by normal early growth and development followed by a slowing of development, the loss of purposeful use of the hands, slowed brain and head growth, problems with walking, seizures, and intellectual disability.
Faboil Ltd has evolved into a relatively successful organisation in the biotechnology field. The success of the company and its paternal approach was adopted by Dr Alfred Brownlow. Dr Brownlow has led from the front in terms of developing the product range for Faboil Ltd. Richard Cranberry (Director of Biotechnology) has driven very hard to maintain the success of the company, although the organisation lag behind in terms of modus operandi technology. At present, the monopoly position of Faboil Ltd has slowly eroded away and faces two competitors. The major causes are that the new products have failed to live up to market expectations and it is at a backward stage only holding a 20% market share. This report will find the causes of issues in the company and give ideas and resolutions on how to fix the problem.
- If all of the options were explored, and patient is given antibiotics and is treated without any pain or suffering than the treatment identifies with the ethnical principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, and veracity. In turn, Mrs. Dawson will be happy with the outcome of the procedure.
Florida International University is a public school that is located in Miami, Florida. FIU has a population of 41,038 students, also the majority of the students are Cuban or Cuban decedents. The area on which the university was constructed was an abandoned air field. It is also one of the top 10 largest universities in the United States of America. When attending FIU one should consider the admission criteria, tuition, and academic majors. Also, it is important to have academic support, understand the college’s demographics, and familiarize oneself with campus life.
Burd, L. and Martsolf, J. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis and Syndromal Variability. Physiology and Behavior, 46:39-43 (1989).
According to Hassold and Sherman (2002), the probability of giving birth to a child with DS is not linked to any race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or geographic location. Maternal age seems to be the only etiological factor that may cause DS. Some characteristics of DS include: deep folds at the corners of the eyes, hypotonia, short stature, flexible joints, small oral cavity and heart defects (Taylor, Richards, & Brady, 2005). Most individuals with DS have a moderate intellectual disability, although there is a range of disability, from severe to high functioning (IQ above 70). Since DS is a birth defect and not a disease, there are no treatment options.
When it comes to pregnancy, expectant mothers usually have a lot of questions and concerns. One such concern is alcohol consumption. Some people feel that it is okay while others are against the consumption. However those who drink take a huge risk that can result in what is referred to as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). This umbrella term is used to describe the range of damage from alcohol exposure to a fetus. The characteristics, diagnosis, and the mother are all important factors to look at when trying to understand these birth defects.
A mother who drinks while she is pregnant stands a high risk of harming their unborn child because the alcohol passes through her blood to her baby, and that can harm the development of the baby’s cells. This is most likely to harm the baby’s brain and spinal cord. Many of the common effects of a child suffering from fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is: distinctive facial features, growth problems making them smaller than the average child, and learning and behavior problems.
... excluded potential risk factors for preterm birth including previous pregnancies and multiple births. Thus, these results should only be applied to the risk of alcohol consumption for primiparous mothers with singleton pregnancies. However, despite the lack of risks identified in this study, alcohol use during pregnancy has been linked to disabilities. According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP, 2011), its adverse effects include fetal alcohol syndrome, learning disabilities, social ineptness, depression, and anxiety. The AACAP strongly recommends against pregnant women consuming any form of alcohol at any level. Despite the data presented by Dale et al. (2016), the question of the other risks of alcohol consumption on the fetus was not explored and thus alcohol use during pregnancy should not be condoned solely based on this study.
In 2004, the term “Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders” was agreed upon by a group of national experts to be used as an umbrella term to encompass all the disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. When signs of brain damage appear following fetal alcohol exposure in the absence of other indications of FAS, the conditio...
Alcohol (wine, beer, or liquor) is the leading known preventable cause of developmental and physical birth defects in the United States. When a woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy, she risks giving birth to a child who will pay the price, in mental and physical deficiencies, for his or her entire life. One study (Phyllis Trujillo Lewis, MA, Philip A. May, PhD, and Virginia C. Shipman, PhD, 2007) asserted that “Numerous studies on alcohol-related birth defects have concluded that maternal drinking, compounded by other risk factors, leads to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is a serious birth defect and the most common non-genetic cause of mental retardation” as said by (Hankin, 2002; Abel & Sokol,1986; O’Connor, Kogan, & Findlay, 2002; May & Gossage, in press). It is unknown how much maternal alcohol consumption results in FAS or other related disorders, or why some women who drink are at substantially higher risk of giving birth to a child with alcohol-related disabilities than others (Stratton, Howe, & Battaglia, 1996). However, researchers have identified several maternal risk factors differentially associated with FAS. These include advanced maternal age, number of pregnancies, previous births of a child with FAS, cohabitation with a male partner who drinks heavily, and low socioeconomic status (SES; May et al. 2004; 2008a; Viljoen et al., 2002). FAS is 100% preventable, which makes awareness and education the core preventative method for FAS. It is seen through Lewis, May & Shipman’s research that women who are less educated are less aware of the risks involved with drinking while pregnant.
According to Seaver, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is birth defects causing learning, and behavioral problems in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. This disorder is very serious, yet it is recognized as one of the most preventable. This causes major issues, when something so serious could be prevented but is not. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a problem because it leaves a permanent effect on the unborn child, but some solutions could be educating women and putting up more informational posters and warning labels on products.
Meanwhile for other babies having an underdeveloped brain could cause major physical problems for the child. This could include hearing loss and visual problems which would mean that the child would not be able to recognise voices and its surroundings. Another problem this could cause is feeding problems because the child might not be able to swallow this would cause major issues because the child wouldn't be able to get the nutrients it needs to
In 2006, 49% of all pregnancies in the United States were reported unintended on a national survey.1 The highest rate of preventable birth defects and mental retardation is due to alcohol use.2 In this paper, I will further discuss FAS, the potential effects of binge drinking during the embryonic stage of gestation, and what actions need to be taken in order to reduce the incidences of alcohol-related birth defects. Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy Alcohol is an ethanol containing substance that is a common beverage in many social and private settings. Alcohol is also a teratogen, therefore alcohol consumption and binge drinking potentially pose a substantial risk to the embryo or fetus. In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control conducted a telephone survey of women in the age range of 18-44 years regarding alcohol use.3
BASF is one of the world's largest chemical companies. It was established in 1865 with the main product was coal tar based dyestuff. It has six main categories of products, which are oil and gas, chemicals, agricultural products, plastics and fibers, dyestuff and finishing products, and consumer products. The structure of the company is presented by three-dimensional matrix consisting of operating, regional and functional divisions. Since 1960, the company began to expand its operation at a global level through acquisition. In Southeast Asia, the company has over 30 companies in 16 countries through the region of which 12 have the production facility. Headquarter for the region is located in Singapore.