Mhd Adib Malas Scientific Experimental Design Based on Release of Extracellular ATP by Bacteria During Growth, by Mempin R, Tran H, Chen C, Hao Gong, Ho K and Sangwei Lu, 2013, BMC Microbiology, 1-25. Question to be Investigated The journal article that this experimental design is based on explores and discovers the production of extracellular ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) from many types of bacteria during growth, leading the researchers to believe that the extracellular ATP produced may be significant to bacteria’s function (Mempin and others 2013). From that article, I thought about delving deeper into the study of ATP and answering the question: Does the intake of intravenous (IV) ATP affect the muscular energy levels of …show more content…
Knowing that ATP is an intracellular source of energy, and that it can get into the cell if taken exogenously, I predict that IV ATP can infiltrate the cells and increase the levels of intracellular ATP. If the hypothesis that IV ATP increases the energy levels of muscle in human organisms is supported, then the results will show an increase in intracellular ATP in subjects who have taken IV ATP and that will reflect on the amount of ATP in the exercising cells and on the amount of push-up exercises and endurance of the subjects in comparison to the control group that intravenously received the broken up components of ATP: three phosphate groups, adenine and …show more content…
It is also predicted that the experiment will show that IV ATP will cross the plasma membrane and increase the amount of ATP available for the muscle cells involved in the exercise, therefore increase the amount of energy the cells expend. If the predicted result occurs, more experiments will be designed for the purpose of increasing energy levels in humans. References Agteresch HJ, Dagnelie PC, Rietveld T, van den Berg JW, Danser AH, Wilson JH. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous ATP in cancer patients. NCBI [Internet]. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology; [retrieved 2015 Nov 08]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10853877 Hayashida M, Fukuda KI, Fukunaga A, Meno A, Sato K, Tarui K, Arita H, Kaneko Y, Hanaoka K. 2005. Analgesic effect of intravenous ATP on postherpetic neuralgia in comparison with responses to intravenous ketamine and lidocaine. Journal of Anesthesia [online database]. 19(1):31-35. Available from: Academic Search Complete. Nyberg M, Christensen PM, Mortensen SP, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J. 2014. Infusion of ATP increases leg oxygen delivery but not oxygen uptake in the initial phase of intense knee- extensor exercise in humans. Experimental Physiology [online database]. 99(10):1399- 1408. Available from: Academic Search
In this lab, we explored the theory of maximal oxygen consumption. “Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise” (Bassett and Howley, 2000). VO2max is measured in millimeters of O2 consumed per kilogram of body weight per min (ml/kg/min). It is commonly known as a good way to determine a subject’s cardio-respiratory endurance and aerobic fitness level. Two people whom are given the same aerobic task (can both be considered “fit”) however, the more fit individual can consume more oxygen to produce enough energy to sustain higher, intense work loads during exercise. The purpose of this lab experiment was performed to determine the VO2max results of a trained vs. an untrained participant to see who was more fit.
Tadić, A., Wagner, S., Hoch, J., Başkaya, Ö., von Cube, R., Skaletz, C., ... & Dahmen, N. (2009).
Nowicka, P., Santoro, N., Liu, H., Lartaud, D., Shaw, M. M., Goldberg, R., Guandalini, C.,
. The body can synthase 100,000 to 140,000 different proteins with various forms functions, and structures. Each of these proteins contains some of the same 20 amino acids. In normal conditions, cellular proteins are recycled in the cytosol, peptide bonds are broken, and the free amino acids are used in new proteins. If other energy sources are inadequate, mitochondria can generate ATP by breaking down amino acids in the TCA cycle. The average ATP yield is similar to that o...
Nalepa G, Enzor R, Sun Z, Marchal C, Park SJ, Yang Y, Tedeschi L, Kelich S, Hanenberg H and
Humans, and all animals, use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the main energy source in cells. The authors of Biological Science 5th edition said that “In general, a cell contains only enough ATP [adenosine triphosphate] to last from 30 seconds to a few minutes”. It is that way “Because it has such high potential energy, ATP is unstable and is not stored”. They also state that “In an average second, a typical cell in your body uses an average of 10 million ATP molecules and synthesizes [makes] just as many”. In the human body trillions of cells exist. The average human body uses and makes 10,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of ATP every second. In one minute the human body uses 600,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of ATP. In one day the human body uses 864,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of ATP. In one year, this is equivalent to 365.25 days; the average human body uses and makes a huge amount, 315,576,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of ATP. For this example one mile is equal to one molecule of ATP. Light travels at approximately 186,000 mi/sec. It would take light roughly 53,763,440,860 years to travel that many miles. The sheer amount of ATP made in the cells of people is amazing! This essay will explain somewhat the main way of making all of those ATP molecules in aerobic organisms, aerobic cellular respiration. There are four steps that take place in aerobic cellular respiration, and they are: 1.Glycolysis; 2. Pyruvate Processing; 3. Citric Acid Cycle; 4. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Allison, L. A. , Black, M. , Podgoroski, G. , Quillin, K. , Monroe, J. , Taylor E. 2014).
...Hallert, C., C. Grant, S. Grehn, C. Grannot, S. Hultent, G. Midhagens M. Strom, H. Svensson,
Interval training brings many benefits to the aerobic system. Perhaps the most important benefit is an increase in its capacity to produce energy. This is brought about by increased capacity to consume oxygen during exercise. Several experiments have yielded results demonstrating that interval training increases both VO2 peak (Perry, 2008) and VO2 max (Sloth, 2013). Oxygen is necessary for the conversion of sugar, protein, and lipids into usable energy. The chemical processes involved in aerobic metabolism are not possible without oxygen, particularly the electron transport chain, the mechanism responsible for 95% of the ATP needed to keep cells alive. Oxygen is necessary to capture the large amount of energy locked in the chemical bonds of pyruvic acid, the product of the anaerobic process glycolysis. Thus, the more oxygen the body is able to consume, the greater production of ATP via the aerobic system.
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This article is very similar to “Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles” because it talks about a study based on how the muscles are able to adapt towards exercise when using oxygen as an energy source. They also describe how overworking your muscles can make individuals consume all of their oxygen when producing an alternative by-product known as lactic acid. The lactic acid is a secondary product that signals our muscles to switch sugar as a type of energy sources in addition to causing the muscle activity to be impaired.
Hypothesis: Increasing the number of yeast cells speeds up the rate of ATP production if sugar concentration is held at a constant concentration.
In the 1920’s, the discovery that bacteria had a completely different cell structure from other organisms was established. Edouard Chatton recognized that the bacterial cell only...