Chemistry Units 3&4 Extended Response – Task 11 Part A: Discuss where and how the fuel is obtained or made and the chemical processes involved (plus the energy inputs these processes require) - 19 marks Petroleum: Petroleum is made from crude oil. Crude oil is a combination of many different hydrocarbons. Crude oil is considered a ‘fossil fuel’ because it is formed from deceased plants and animals. Crude oil is formed within the Earth’ crust and within ocean basins. An ocean basin is a “depression of the earth’s surface in which an ocean lies”. As plants and animals die and remain at the bottom of the ocean they turn into fossils. The fossils are covered by mud form the crude oil. This mud slowly turns into rock, the rock puts extreme pressure …show more content…
There are two main processes for synthesising ethanol – the fermentation and hydration of ethene. The most common method is fermentation. Although fermentation is more commonly associated with alcoholic beverages, it is becoming more popular in association with fuel production. For fermentation to occur it requires a suitable grain to be in aqueous solution with water, it needs to have an appropriate yeast strain added (for alcoholic beverages), air needs to be removed and the mixture is needed to be kept at a constant 37˚c. The enzymes within the mixture convert the starch or sugar to glucose or fructose as shown in the equation: C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + heat. This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. The other method of producing ethanol is the hydration of ethene. Technically, the method is not thought of as a biofuel because it was not produced from a crop. Ethylene is used and it is produced through catalytic cracking. This is an addition reaction that is exothermic and is shown through the equation: CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g) → CH3CH2OH(l) ΔH = - 45kj This reaction uses steam and a catalyst; another way is by heating ethanol with a dilute sulphuric acid catalyst. A low temperature favours a high yield. …show more content…
For example, in 2006 in the United States consumers and businesses spent 921 billion American dollars, in 2008 money that was spent on fossil fuels reached One trillion American dollars. Currently it has been estimated that the United States are spending $1.6 trillion American dollars. The money being spent on the fossil fuels is due to manufacturing equipment that is able to drill and mine the crude oil, buying crude oil from various countries and continuous maintenance. Discuss the argument that ethanol and biodiesel do not contribute to the presence of the atmospheric greenhouse gas CO2 while petrol combustion contributes significantly to increased atmospheric CO2. - 6 marks.
When we say ethanol production we are referring to the use of ethanol as a hybrid fuel for automobiles. What hybrid fuels means is that instead of running a car solely off of ethanol or gasoline alone, ethanol is actually blended in with standard fuel grade gasoline to create the ethanol fuel hybrid. Ethanol is derived from alcohol; it is a grain alcohol that is typically broken down from corn, although it can be obtained by other means such as Brazilian sugar cane, wheat, barley and potatoes (West). The way ethanol is created, according to Larry West in an article titled How is Ethanol made, is by fermenting plant sugars from photosynthesis, treating them with enzymes followed by then inserting tiny microbes to feed on the sugar that will finally b...
During fermentation, the glucose is converted to carbon-dioxide and ethanol but, behind this simple concept is a series of complex biochemical reactions such as the ‘Glycolytic pathway’ involving various enzymes and the reactions take place anaerobically inside the cells of the brewing yeast. Beer processing involves series of steps starting from the reception of raw materials to the secondary fermentation and storage of the filtered and packaged
Gasoline as we know it today comes from crude oil. Crude oil, which is a fossil fuel, is a nonrenewable (once its gone, its gone for good) fuel source. Fossil fuel is comprised of naturally decaying plants and animals which once lived in oceans and seas millions of years ago. Where we find crude oil deposits we also find ancient oceans and seabeds. When extracted from the earth, crude oil may have colors ranging from clear to jet black and resistance to flow or viscosity from water to a molasses type substance.
Oil sands are unconventional petroleum deposits that consist of loose sand and partially consolidated sand stone that contains natural mixtures of natural clay, sand and water which is saturated with a highly viscous form of petroleum that flows extremely slowly known as bitumen (Yunchez, 2012).
Fermentation is widespread used for extracting energy and commonly choose the materials with high concentrations of sugars / carbohydrates as substrates for the fermentation process. Fermentation is a metabolic and reduction process that converts organic compounds to methane, ethanol, lactic acid, lactose and hydrogen isolated from oxygen while the by-product is the fermentation residue. Fermentation process can be slower or interrupted by many factors: the oxygen, the light, temperature, unsuitable temperature, unsuitable reaction, unappropriate humidity or high environmental toxicity.
In today’s world humans are consuming massive amounts of fossil fuels. The top five oil consuming countries in the world are the usual suspects. These include the United States, China, Japan, India and Russia. Canada comes in at number 10 with a daily consumption of 2,287 thousand barrels per day. There are three major types of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. These resources were formed during the Carboniferous Period 360-286 million years ago. During this time earth was covered in swamps with large amounts of plants and waters filled with algae. When these plants and trees began to die they would form layers of peat. Hundreds and thousands of years would pass adding sand and other materials on top of the peat. This formed the sedimentary rocks we know today. As the thousands of years turned into millions of years the water of the peat layer was pushed out of the peat until the layer of diatoms turned into coal, oil or natural gas (CEC, 2013). Canada has oil industry throughout the country and currently 12 out of 13 provinces are active in the oil industry. Natural gas production is occurring in British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Natural gas could also become large industry in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland & Labrador, Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Oil production is currently taking place in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland & Labrador (CAPP, 2013).
“Fermentation occurs in fruits, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, as well as in mammalian muscle”(Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx) . “Yeasts were discovered to have connection with fermentation as observed by the French chemist, Louis Pasteur” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx). “Pasteur originally defined fermentation as respiration without air” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx). “However, fermentation does not have to always occur in anaerobic condition” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx). “Yeasts still prefer to undergo fermentation to process organic compounds and generate ATP even in the presence of oxygen” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx). “However, in mammalian muscles, they turn from oxidative phosphorylation (of cellular respiration) to fermentation when oxygen supply becomes limited, especially during a strenuous activity such as intensive exercising” (Biology Online, 2008, p. xx-xx).
Various factors should be carefully controlled for the best possible reaction outcome. If the temperature of the surroundings is too high or too low, this will kill the yeast. The temperature needs to be approximately between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius for the yeast to thrive. If too much sugar is added, yeast activity will not start or will cease after time. (Pambianchi, 2009) It will then only be able to tolerate a low concentration of alcohol. The solut...
As more concerns are being raised about the effects of greenhouse gases being produced and put into the atmosphere many different ideas are being looked at. These ideas are looking at reducing the amount of these gases that are put into the atmosphere. Not only is this an idea but researchers are looking for ways to produce a cheaper, but yet more effective alternative. One alternative that they have come up with to an alternative to regular gasoline that will be cheaper to produce as well as lower the amount of emissions that it will produce is Biofuels. Biofuels are, “All biofuels and bio-based products come from “biomass”, a term that covers all living or recently living biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Examples include wood, corn, sugarcane, and manure.’’(eartheasy) Biofuels can be a major source of fuel in the future.
Yeasts are facultative anaerobes. They are able to metabolize the sugars in two different ways which is aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. The aerobic respiration also known as cellular respiration takes place when glucose is broken down in the present of oxygen to yield carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP. While in anaerobic respiration, fermentation takes place because it occurs in the absence of external electron acceptor. Because every oxidation has to be coupled to a reduction of compound derived from electron donor. On the other hand, in cellular respiration an exogenous
The use of fermentation was an important tool for ancient societies in the past that gave way to the development of staple crops that governed their lives, such as wheat and grapes. It gave rise to new techniques in creating foods that would not have been possible without the methods of fermenting. The discovery of the fermentation process, and its development over centuries, subsequently led to its emergence as an important aspect in foods and beverages as well as it being a process being used in several industries to make useful different products. Fermentation, as stated by author Anne M. Helmenstine, is “the biochemical conversion of sugars, starches, or carbohydrates, into alcohol and organic acids, by bacteria and enzymes” (“What is Fermentation?”). In short, it is a change from something such as sugar, like glucose, turning into a simpler compound.
The process need toluene and hydrogen as a main reactor. Then, toluene and hydrogen are converted in a reactor packed with catalyst to produce benzene and methane. This reaction is exothermic and the operating conditions are 500 0C to 660 0C, and 20 to 60 bar of pressure. This process begins with mixing fresh toluene with a stream of recycle unreacted toluene, and the mixing is achieved in a storage tank. Then, the toluene is pumped to combine it with a stream of mixed hydrogen and fresh hydrogen gas. The mixture of toluene and hydrogen is preheated before it is introduce to the heater or furnace. In the furnace, the stream is heated to 600 0C, then introduced into the reactor. Basically, the main reactions occurs in the reactor.
Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colourless liquid. It is the principal type of alcohol that found in alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation of sugars by yeast. It is used as an antiseptic, a solvent, a fuel. Due to its low freezing point,active fluid in post mercury thermometers (Nivedita, 1998).Ethanol, the renewable resource, produced from fermentation of glucose rich substrates, like sugar cane, fruit juices, tapioca, sweet potatoes, sweet sorghum etc. Starchy materials like maize, wheat, oat, rice, potatoes also can be used. Agricultural wastes and forestry wastes which are cellulosic and lingo cellulosic sources also can be used as substrates for ethanol production. Ethanol is a compound with hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to alkyl group. They are regarded as hydroxyl derivative of hydro carbon. Ethanol produced by chemical as well as biological routes. Through the chemical mode, synthetic ethanol is produced by catalytic hydration of ethylene (C2 H2) with water using phosphoric acid, atmospheric pressure 70 and at temperature of 3000C.
Alcohol is made through a process called fermentation (how alcohol is made). It is the process of sugar being broken down into carbon dioxide and ethanol. The main ingredient in fermentation is yeast. Yeast breaks down grains, fruits, and its main function is to get the alcohol
The process of alcoholic fermentation begins with the use of enzymes. The enzymes begin to break down the long chains in starch molecules, a polysaccharide that consists of a large quantity of glucose molecules (C6H12O6) joined by glycosidic bonds as seen in figure 1, into single glucose molecules, a monosaccharide with six carbons and five hydroxyl groups. After the starch has become sugar, the enzymes are used once again, this time to convert the sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, CO2, as seen in figure 2 (World of Scientific Discovery, 2007). The carbon dioxide produced is released into the atmosphere, leaving water and ethanol, the alcohol, behind. Ethanol is a colorless flammable liquid with a molecular formula of C2H6O, giving it a molar mass of 46.07 grams per mole. Ethanol is also characterized by a melting point of -114°C or 159 K.