Experiment is to investigate the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate
Hydrochloric acid + Calcium Carbonate Þ Calcium Chloride + Water +
Carbon Dioxide
2HCl (aq) CaCo3 (s) CaCl2(s) H2O (aq) CO2 (g)
There are a number of variables in this experiment and these are listed below as input variables and outcome variables. The input variables are the ones that I can change in order to affect the experiment and the outcome variables are the ones I will measure to see how the input variable has affected it.
Input Variables
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Amount of calcium carbonate
Amount of hydrochloric acid
Surface area of calcium carbonate
Concentration of hydrochloric acid
Temperature of hydrochloric acid
Introduction of a catalyst
Outcome variables
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Amount of calcium chloride released
Amount of water released
Amount of carbon dioxide released
Change in weight
Out of these variables I will use concentration as my input variable and amount of carbon dioxide released as my outcome variable. You can see how I will use and measure these variables in the method section of this investigation.
My preliminary results can be found in appendix 1. These show what measurements of the input variables I decided to use and why I decided this. Prediction
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I predict that as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid decreases the rate of reaction will decrease and therefore the time taken for
75ml of gas to be released will increase. The reason I believe this is that chemical reactions occur when particles of the reacting substances collide. Increasing the number of the particles increases the number of collisions per second and this increases the reaction rate. In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate you can increase the number of particles in two ways. The first of these is to increase the surface area of the calcium carbonate. Although this does not directly increase the number of particles, it does increase the number of particles that are available for the H+ ions to react with. This is shown in diagram 1 of appendix 2.
The second way to increase the concentration in my experiment is to increase the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. By doing this you increase the number of H+ ions available to react with the calcium carbonate and therefore the number of collisions per second between the two increase. If the number of collisions per second increases then the reaction rate will increase. This is demonstrated in diagram
2 of appendix 2.
In order to gain perfect results I would have to use the following weights of each component of the formula and introduce nothing else into the equation. All of the weights are in grams
CaCO3 + 2HCl Þ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Data table 1 Well plate Contents Glucose concentration A 3 drops 5% sucrose + 3 drops distilled water Negative B 3 drops milk+3 drops distilled water Negative C 3 drops 5% sucrose +3 drops lactase Negative D 3 drops milk +3 drops lactase 15+ E 3 drops 20% glucose +3 drops distilled water 110 ++ Questions B. In this exercise, five reactions were performed. Of those reactions, two were negative controls and one was a positive control.
It is significant to say Henry Ford had ability as an engineer to take projects apart and come with a solution. The implementation of the moving assembly line alone was not enough to compete against a constant changing environment. It was Henry Ford vision of minimizing cost and careful planning that allowed him to compete against his own self-mechanism of only use common proven designs and listen to other ideas when necessary.
Prediction = == == == ==
Going into details of the article, I realized that the necessary information needed to evaluate the experimental procedures were not included. However, when conducting an experiment, the independent and dependent variable are to be studied before giving a final conclusion.
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Investigating the Rate of Reaction Between Marble Chips and Acid Introduction This is a test to demonstrate the reaction rate between marble chips (CaCO) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Hopefully we will be able to prove that the concentration of the acid is directly proportional to the reaction rate. Aim To discover if the concentration of acid is directly proportional to the rate of reaction, by monitoring the amount of gas given off as the reaction takes place. Prediction We believe that the concentration of the acid will be directly proportional to the rate of reaction. We believe this due to the following theory: [IMAGE]The collision theory: This theory states that for a reaction to occur the reactant particles need to react with sufficient energy.
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