industry were given a scenario that sales have fallen. They were then given plans of actions to take and were to then list them in order from “least important to do first” to “most important to do first”. They were then compared to 50 of the industries experts. In conclusion, higher growth was associated with greater practical intelligence when leaders wanted their company to grow. 7. (Number 12 on question sheet) Explain the concept of Inductive reasoning and Deductive reasoning. Provide TWO examples of each of these to illustrate your points. The concept of inductive reasoning is to be able to make a probable conclusion, but not certain, with available evidence in certain situations. An example of inductive reasoning in the text (Psychology …show more content…
Gerrig, Stony Brook University) is developing a conclusion of whether a certain restaurant accepts credit cards. The surrounding evidence is that you are in an upscale neighborhood and the menu has expensive items. With this evidence you are able to think that the restaurant does accept credit cards. Inductive reasoning is based off probabilities. Another example of inductive reasoning is if a certain restaurant sells pizza without looking at the menu. Observations that are made is that you smell an odor that is of pizza. Another observation that is made is that you are in an Italian restaurant in which pizza is an Italian dish. With this evidence, you can believe that this restaurant sells pizza. Deductive reasoning is a logical conclusion base off at least two statements. An example of deductive reasoning in the text (Psychology and Life, 20th Edition, Richard J. Gerrig, Stony Brook University) is that you are about to go to a restaurant and you were wondering if they accepted an American Express credit card. You call the restaurant and an employee tells you that they accept all major credit cards. With this information, you can conclude that this …show more content…
( Number 11 on question sheet) Explain the concept of synaptic transmission. Include the following structures: synapse, axon, dendrite, neurotransmitter, and receptors. How do these structures interact and complete a synaptic transmission? The concept of the synaptic transmission is to send information across the synaptic gap. Synaptic transmission is put into motion when the action potential reaches the terminal button. Once in motion, information from one neuron is sent to another across the synaptic gap due to synaptic transmission. The synapse is the gap that is between two neurons. This is where information has to cross so the information from one neuron can be received by another. The axon is what nerve impulses travel from and is the extended fiber of the neuron. Dendrite is what receives the signals and impulses from neurons and receptors. Neurotransmitters are messengers that are given off by neurons. It stimulates the postsynaptic neuron when it crosses the synapse. Last are the receptors that transmit signals from stimulus to the dendrite/neurons. How all of these complete a synaptic transmission is by dendrites receives signals from receptors first. Then, this information received from the dendrite is sent to the axon. The axon sends this information along its entire length to its terminal button in which neurons can stimulate glands. The axons information is sent from neuron to neuron across the synapse. Finally, the neurotransmitters are what enable the
example, Skloot states, “As Cliff and Fred lowered Henrietta’s coffin into her grave and began covering her with handfuls of dirt, the sky turned black as strap molasses. The rain fell thick and fast. Then came long rumbling thunder…” and Henrietta’s cousin Peter, stated, “We shoulda knew she was trying to tell us something with that storm” (92). Skloot, includes this casual argument because it illustrates how Henrietta’s family believes Henrietta created the storm. Skloot also uses deductive reasoning, which goes from general to specific. For example, she states, “First, HeLa didn’t grow from one of Henrietta’s cells. It grew from a sliver of her tumor, which was a cluster of cells. Second, cells often behave differently, even if they’re all from the same sample, which means some grow faster than others” (99). Skloot uses deductive reasoning to explain how HeLa began and uses specific evidence. Skloot uses both types of reasoning in her book to create a stronger argument.
Rhodes, M., Gelman, S. A., & Brickman, D. (2008). Developmental changes in the consideration of sample diversity in inductive reasoning. Journal of Cognition and Development, 9, 112-143. doi: 10.1080/15248370701836626
Statistical Induction- is based on statistical information, it predicts something will happen with numerical probability.
Neurons dispatch signals to other cells through thin fibers called axons, that cause chemicals acknowledged as neurotransmitters to be released at junctions identified as synapses. A synapse gives a command to the cell and the entire communication process typically takes only a fraction of a millisecond.
Dendrites are located on either one or both ends of a cell.The peripheral nervous system then takes the sensory information from the outside and sends the messages by virtue of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that relay signals through the neural pathways of the spinal cord. The neurotransmitter chemicals are held by tiny membranous sacs located in the synaptic terminals. Synaptic terminals are located at the ends of nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitters from their sacs is stimulated once the electrical nerve impulse has finished travelling along a neuron and reaches the synaptic terminal. Afterward, neurotransmitters travel across synapses thus stimulating the production of an electrical charge that carries the nerve impulse onward. Synapses are junctions between neighboring neurons. This procedure is reiterated until either muscle movement occurs or the brain picks up on a sensory reaction. During this process, messages are being transmitted from one part of the body onto the next. The peripheral and central nervous system are two crucial subdivisions of the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous
Deduction is the third characteristic of rationalism, which is to prove something with certainty rather than reason. For example, Descartes attempted to prove the existence of God through deductive reasoning in his third meditation. It went something like this: “I have an idea of a perfect substance, but I am not a perfect substance, so there is no way I could not be the cause of this idea, so there must be some formal reality which is a perfect substance- like God. Because only perfection can create perfection, and though it can also create imperfection- nothing that is imperfect can create something that is perfect.
The neuron has two important structures called the dendrite and axon, also called nerve fibers. The dendrites are like tentacles that sprout from the cell and the axon is one long extension of the cell. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the axon sends impulses to other neurons. Axons can extend to more than a meter long. Average sized neurons have hundreds of dendrites; therefore it can receive thousands of signals simultaneously from other neurons. The neuron sends impulses by connection the axon to the dendrites of another nerve cell. The synapse is a gap between the axon and the adjacent neuron, which is where data is transmitted from one neuron to another. The neuron is negatively charged and it bathes in fluids that contain positively charged potassium and sodium ions. The membrane of the neuron holds negatively charged protein molecules. The neuron has pores called ion channels to allow sodium ions to pass into the membrane, but prevent the protein molecules from escaping (potassium ions can freely pass through the membrane since the ion channels mostly restrict sodium ions). When a neuron is stimulated (not at rest), the pores open and the sodium ions rush in because of its attraction to the negatively charged protein molecules, which makes the cell positively charged. As a result, potential energy is released and the neurons send electrical impulses through the axon until the impulse reaches the synapse of any neurons near it.
Inductive reasoning was use many times, voicing specific beliefs before explaining, in broad terms, why these beliefs were important. This use of bonding, pathos and inductive reasoning to encourage the audience to support birth control was very powerful.
The term inductive reasoning refers to reasoning that takes specific information and makes a broader generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate. An example of inductive reasoning is: All observed children like to play with Legos. All children, therefore, enjoy playing with Legos. Relying on inductive reasoning throughout everyday life is just a part of human nature. If someone were to take into consideration every plausible outcome of a given situation, they would never get anything done or been stricken with worry. The simple principle of induction (SPI) states that:
Describe the basic physiology of a neuron. Detail the manner by which neurons fire action potentials and how neurons communicate with one another across synapses. Outline the process of how an action petential occurs and hoe it propagates down an axon. Explain how chemical transmission occurs at synapses and how this allows neurons to activate of inhibit one another.
...undervalued the use of inductive reasoning, more modern logicians have embraced the value of this type of thinking and acknowledge that both inductive and deductive reasoning can be used to arrive at more thorough and accurate truths about our world and the situations that occur within it.
...h not justifiable enough to be relied. Even though the inductive reasoning has been a success in the determination of events and instances that have occurred in the past, philosophers still argue about its appropriateness, in the modern society (Earman, 2006, p.36). The problem of induction has been analyzed through various philosophical studies with the aim of finding a justifiable answer to the dilemma. The uncertainty of inductive reason forms the basis of myriad questions that engulf the justification of the approach. According to some philosophers, it is possible that some unknown phenomenon might occur, leading to justification with a known phenomenon. As aforementioned, falsification and irrationalism are some of the solutions to the induction problem. It is, therefore, imperative for individuals to falsify the beliefs through hypothesis and empirical testing.
Reasoning is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument. This is probably something you do every day. When you make a decision, we are using reasoning. By taking different thoughts and thinking why you should go with one thought over another. Inductive and deductive reasoning are both propositional logic. Propositional logic is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and simplifying entire propositions, statements to hold more complicated propositions or statements. This means it uses a combination od facts to come up with a conclusion.
Synaptic transmission is the process of the communication of neurons. Communication between neurons and communication between neuron and muscle occurs at specialized junction called synapses. The most common type of synapse is the chemical synapse. Synaptic transmission begins when the nerve impulse or action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal. The action potential causes depolarization of the presynaptic membrane and it will initiates the sequence of events leading to release the neurotransmitter and then, the neurotransmitter attach to the receptor at the postsynaptic membrane and it will lead to the activate of the postsynaptic membrane and continue to send the impulse to other neuron or sending the signal to the muscle for contraction (Breedlove, Watson, & Rosenzweig, 2012; Barnes, 2013). Synaptic vesicles exist in different type, either tethered to the cytoskeleton in a reserve pool, or free in the cytoplasm (Purves, et al., 2001). Some of the free vesicles make their way to the plasma membrane and dock, as a series of priming reactions prepares the vesicular ...
For example, a strong inductive argument could be that, “Joe and Tim are both in boxing club. Joe has red gloves, therefore Tim probably has red gloves.” This argument does not ensure that Tim has red gloves, but since the argument follows a logical structure and the premises that both Joe and Tim are in boxing club and that Joe has red gloves are probably true, the argument leads to a strong conclusion.