1a. Which Figure 1A or 1B, is of bacterial DNA? Which figure is of eukaryotic DNA?
Figure A shows bacterial DNA and figure B shows eukaryotic DNA. In figure A, the DNA is represented as a single, circular chromosome of double stranded DNA, which is characteristic of almost all bacteria. Figure B shows a picture of DNA wrapped in nucleosomes which are fundamental packing units for eukaryotic DNA. Nucleosomes are specific to eukaryotes. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form the nucleosome. 1b. Prepare a statement for Mr. Rawley that addresses these two questions:
Is the structure of DNA and replication of the DNA basically the same or fundamentally different in bacteria and eukaryotes?
Would a plant be able to replicate Bacterial
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DNA replicates by a semi-conservative method. New strands are strands of complementary RNA that is antiparallel to the DNA strand. They do this by pairing up by means of hydrogen bonding.In RNA thymine, is replaced by uracil. In the mRNA sequence, the nucleotide sequence is read as an instructional guide for protein synthesis. Three bases make a codon, which codes for an amino acid. In bacterial transcription the mRNA lacks introns. However in eukaryotic transcription, the mRNA contains introns and moves out of the nucleus so that it can be translated. The basic molecular process is RNA polymerase recognizes the promoter, the RNA polymerase begins to synthesize nucleic acid in a 5'-3' direction, but it reads it from a 3'-5.' The process of transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes is slightly different. In bacteria, transcription produces an mRNA, however in eukaryotes transcription produces a pre-mRNA which then goes for further RNA processing to become an …show more content…
However, in prokaryotic cells, this processing does not occur. The frog gene is taken from a eukaryotic cell; therefore, its sequence must contain introns that need to be removed before it can be transcribed in a prokaryotic cell. The prokaryotic cell would not be able to accomplish this task due to the lack of required machinery encoded within the eukaryotic DNA. Theoretically if splicing were to occur before being introduced to the plasmid expressing the frog gene in E. Coli may be possible. However, in order to do so, a spliced form of eukaryotic mRNA containing the frog gene must be isolated. After, synthesis of a single strand of DNA from a strand of mRNA would need to occur thus creating a new strand of DNA. This new strand contains the gene, but lacks the introns that were present in the original DNA sequence. Using this single strand of DNA as a template, DNA polymerase creates a new complementary strand of DNA. The result would be a double stranded DNA without the introns. This DNA can now be inserted into the prokaryotic
Just like bacteria, archaea are also single cell and are surrounded by a cell wall. Eukaryotes, unlike bacteria and archaea, contain a nucleus. And like bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes have a cell wall.
It has an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides, a periplasmic space with a peptidoglycan layer, and an inner cytoplasmic membrane. It also consists of adhesive fimbriae. Some strains of E. coli are piliated and are capable of accepting, as well as transferring plasmid to and from other bacteria. This enables the bacteria under stressful or bad conditions to survive. Although its structure is simple with only one chromosomal DNA and a plasmid, it can perform complicated metabolism to help maintain its cell division and cell growth. E. coli produce very rapidly; a single microscopic cell can divide to form a visible colony with millions of cells overnight (phschool.com). It is the preferred bacteria in most laboratories because it grows fast and easy, and can obtain energy from a wide variety of sources. Since the birth of molecular cloning, E. coli has been used as a host for introduced DNA sequences (biotechlearn.org.nz). In 1973, Boyer and Cohen showed that two short pieces of DNA could be cut and pasted together, and returned to
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
In order to do this a polymer of DNA “unzips” into its two strands, a coding strand (left strand) and a template strand (right strand). Nucleotides of a molecule known as mRNA (messenger RNA) then temporarily bonds to the template strand and join together in the same way as nucleotides of DNA. Messenger RNA has a similar structure to that of DNA only it is single stranded. Like DNA, mRNA is made up of nucleotides again consisting of a phosphate, a sugar, and an organic nitrogenous base. However, unlike in DNA, the sugar in a nucleotide of mRNA is different (Ribose) and the nitrogenous base Thymine is replaced by a new base found in RNA known as Uracil (U)3b and like Thymine can only bond to its complimentary base Adenine. As a result of how it bonds to the DNA’s template strand, the mRNA strand formed is almost identical to the coding strand of DNA apart from these
The location of genomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes show major discrepancies because they have different levels of cell organization. Due to the simplicity of the prokaryotes, they lack membrane bound organelles such the nucleus. Therefore, genomes of the prokaryotes reside as irregular Protein and deoxyribos nucleic acid (DNA) complex in cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm). This area of the cytoplasm is defined as the ‘nucleoid’ (Bauman.R 2004). Unlike Eukaryotes, it does not possess a nuclear envelope.
The cell is the most basic unit of life, defined as “The fundamental ... structural and functional unit of all living organisms” (Oed.com, 2013). The prokaryotic cell is typically composed of a plasma membrane and cell wall, containing within it the cytosol and a structure known as the nucleoid. This is a single piece of circular or linear DNA that floats freely in the cytosol of the cell (Thanbichler et al., 2005, pp. 507).
The purpose of this experiment is to identify an unknown insert DNA by using plasmid DNA as a vector to duplicate the unknown insert DNA. The bacteria will then be transformed by having it take in the plasmid DNA, which will allow us to identify our unknown insert as either the cat gene or the kan gene.
In this experiment, we perform a gel electrophoresis on the DNA. In this process, the enzymes were run through the gel electrophoresis to determine their relative sizes for each of them. The results of the certain DNA fragments are used in the final step, which is to construct a map of the DNA molecule. If we use different enzymes to cut DNA, then not every restriction site will be cut by all of the enzymes. The objective of this lab is to perform restriction enzyme of digesting plasmid DNA and constructing a map of plasmid from the results made from the experiment. Using this technique we understand what a DNA restriction enzyme is and how it works. In this process, the enzymes were run through the gel electrophoresis to determine their relative sizes for each of them. By following the experiment, we determined the positions of the restriction
Eukaryotic cells, whether from animals, plants, protists, or fungi, are the most structurally advanced of the major cell types. Eukaryote are single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain nucleus and any other structures (organelles) enclosed within the membrane that perform specific functions. The surface of the cell is covered with a thin film or plasma membrane, which is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings. Plasma membranes are composed mostly of proteins and lipids (Simon, 02/2012, p. 59-60).
What has to happen for a gene to be transcribed? The enzyme RNA polymerase, which makes a new RNA molecule from a DNA template, must attach to the DNA of the gene. It attaches at a spot called the promoter.
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A specialized cellular molecule copies a given sequence of DNA whose end product will contribute to its function. DNA is a long molecule that usually can be found in a condensed state. Specialized types of proteins called histones wrap the DNA, forming nucleosomes, and thus occupying a smaller volume in the nucleus. There are 2 types of nucleosomes, their importance being in that they tell what will be expressed or not. Euchromat...
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. The chromosomes which are found in prokaryotes are usually spread in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells the chromosomes remain together inside the nucleus and there is a clear nuclear membrane that is surrounding the nucleus.
The Use of Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA technology is the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism.(1) This is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to enable the rapid production of human protein from a single gene of insulin. Firstly the single gene required must be isolated. This can be done three ways: Either by working backwards from the protein- Finding the amino acid sequence for the protein needed, the order of bases can be established using known genetic code. New DNA can be made from this sequence of bases resulting in artificial gene made from complementary DNA.
Discoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, and biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years with accelerated discoveries and insight’s over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Present at least three of the discoveries you find to be the most important and describe their significance to society, heath, and the culture of modern life.