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Introduction
This essay is going to be about the Nanking massacre. I have always been interested in history and especially war. During a history class in high school we briefly came across the Nanking massacre and it sparked my interest. When the assignment was given I knew pretty quickly that it was going to be about an event during a war. There were multiple topics that could be the focus of my essay but eventually the Nanking massacre won due to the lesser knowledge about this topic. In this essay the question that should be answered is: “What is the effect of the massacre of Nanking on the social relationship between Japan and China in present day?”
What is a massacre?
Before we can discuss the Nanking massacre we have to understand what a massacre is. A massacre is a specific incident in which a military force, mob, or other group kill many people, and the perpetrating party is perceived as in total control of force while the victimized party is perceived as helpless or innocent. There is no clear line or criteria which defines when a mass killing is a massacre. The public perception during and after the event plays a big role in this defining, also the way a nation or culture wants to hold on to the memory.
What happened during the Nanking massacre?
On December 13, 1937, Nanking, the capital city of Nationalist China, fell to the Japanese. For Japan, this was to have been the decisive turning point in the war, the triumphant culmination of a half-year struggle against Chiang Kai-shek’s armies in the Yangtze Valley. For Chinese forces, whose heroic defence of Shanghai had finally failed, and whose best troops had suffered crippling causalities, the fall of Nanking was a bitter, perhaps fatal defeat. When the city fell...
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... be ended by one of the countries giving in, either in dropping the demand of an apology or admitting to their wrongdoing
Conclusion:
All in all we can say that the war has had an impact on the social relationship between China and Japan. Of course with time passing by old wounds will slowly dissolve, but I think the Chinese will never completely forget what happened at Nanking. Here in the Netherlands we still make fun of Germans quite a bit, even the younger generation. I can imagine that the younger generation in China also still gets to hear the stories and will develop a prejudgment about the Japanese. China and Japan will continue to trade and interact with each other, just like we do normal business with the Germans. Their relationship might not be warm, but it is still there, however they both will never forget what happened in those six weeks in Nanking.
The Rape of Nanking uses Nanjing Massacre as the core and analyzes the holocaust from the national perspective of China, Japan and Western countries; it also analyzes this piece of history that has been distorted for half of the century. The book is divided into two parts; the author starts the first part by explaining the Japanese bushido spirit and how it was forced to open the country to others, from the Meiji Restoration to enhancing the troops; from tasting the sweetens of external expansion to the depression of international exclusion; from the earthquake disaster to the economic crisis and then expanded its military and the reasons to invade China; it explains how the Japanese soldiers were divided into three groups and invaded Nanjing and when they got there how did they killed the Chinese soldiers and citizens and raped the Chinese ladies and she also mentions the matter of comfort women to bring in the issue and analyzes the motivation for the massacre. Nanking was in great chaos at that time and even the infants could not escape from the disaster. Chang also analyzes the Chinese tragic massacre scene by showing how the...
The United States government initially celebrated the Battle at Wounded Knee as the final conflict between Native Americans and the United States military - after which the western frontier was considered safe for the incoming settlers. Over 20 medals were awarded to the soldiers for their valor on the battlefield. However, the understanding has changed regarding what actually took place at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. The Hollywood version of the Battle of Wounded Knee accurately presents the case that the Battle at Wounded Knee was actually a massacre of the Sioux - the culminating act of betrayal and aggression carried out by the United States military,
When most American people think of Germany, they think of sports cars made for the autobahn, sauerkraut, Adolf Hitler, and the Holocaust. Compared to Germany, when most American people think of Japan they think of sushi, Godzilla movies, Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. World War II was such a significant event in history that almost 70 years after it came to an end, today’s younger generations often associate former Axis controlled countries with the war. People around the world are filled with disgust and immense hate when they hear the name Hitler, mainly because of his leadership under the Holocaust; which was the discriminatory mass genocide of 11-17 million people, the vast majority of which were European Jews. Hirohito, former Emperor of Japan, should strike a similar bell with people when they hear his name because Japan carried out genocide on Chinese civilians and soldiers in World War II. Japan’s attack on the Chinese city of Nanking, was one of the most atrocious events in history. This event has been named both the Nanking Massacre and the Rape of Nanking. The torturous, violent techniques used by the Japanese army upon Chinese civilians and soldiers including dehumanizing them, addicting them to drugs, and other perverse and violent acts, are some of the most grosteque methods ever recorded that could only be thought of by sadistic Japanese soldiers. The events committed by the Japanese army in Nanking, are equally as disgusting as the acts that Nazi Germany committed and should become a major topic involved with World War II in the future, despite the lack of light shed on it in the past for various reasons.
The Rape of Nanking started on December 13, 1937. This was the day the Japanese invaded Nanking (now Nanjing), which was then the capital of Nationalist China (Cook). The Japanese Army faced little resistance as the Chinese Nationalist leader, Chiang Kai-shek, evacuated his troops before the invaders advanced. After seven weeks of Japanese atrocities, the killings ended in early 1938 (The Rape of Nanking). Japanese soldiers finally left Nanking in early February when they needed to continue the attack on China.
Seung-Hui Cho was a 23 year old senior that studied English at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. On April 16, 2007 Seung-Hui Cho killed 32 people and injured 17 others in two separate attacks before taking his own life. This event is known as one of the deadliest shootings by a single gunman in the United States and worldwide.
One of the darkest times in American history was the conflict with the natives. A “war” fought with lies and brute force, the eviction and genocide of Native Americans still remains one of the most controversial topics when the subject of morality comes up. Perhaps one of the most egregious events to come of this atrocity was the Sand Creek Massacre. On the morning of November 29th, 1864, under the command of Colonel John Chivington, 700 members of the Colorado Volunteer Cavalry raped, looted, and killed the members of a Cheyenne tribe (Brown 86-94). Hearing the story of Sand Creek, one of the most horrific acts in American History, begs the question: Who were the savages?
...feat of Japan in World War 2). With the changes of the nature of power, Japan by balancing out aggressive economic policies and a quiet military buildup, was able to build herself up to become a prominent player in the international sphere today. In closing, while Japan’s policies today in general have been skewered towards the arguments of the ‘Gentleman’, increasingly Japan has considered more realist concerns of security in the escalation of tensions of the East Asian geopolitical sphere. Chomin’s Discourse has nonetheless served as a prophetic blueprint for more than a century of Japan policy-making.
Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. New York, New York:
The Rape of Nanking was written by Iris Chang and tells the horrifying story of the massacre of hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and soldiers by the Japanese army during World War II in the winter of 1937. This event is portrayed in three perspectives: through the eyes of the ruthless Japanese military, the terror-stricken Chinese tortured and slaughtered in the once peaceful city of Nanking, and the group of Europeans and Americans who stayed behind to create the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone which saved almost 300,000 lives. The second part of the book discusses the Japanese government's refusal to admit its war crimes against humanity and its effort to hide this mass murder from the public knowledge, and "to
The Changkufeng Incident was an incident to prove that Japanese are cooperative and understandable to help by invading states personal territory. Changkufeng is important to international relations because international relations theory has proven that the Changkufeng incident is contributed by dealing with powers being taken away by other states showing us specific reasons as to understand Japan actions in the 1930’s. Although, Changkufeng incident may have some positive and negative aspect as to know how difficult it is to express and navigate without power. However, Changkufeng is not a progress or change during the battle or before the Changkufeng incident, it is only dealt through the government or higher authorities only. Changkufeng incident is an important piece to make connections and understand the conflict by finding solutions for peace.
In conclusion, Japan tried to isolate themselves, and China tried to compete with them, using their land, and excess of population. Documents one through ten were all about China, and documents eleven through sixteen was about Japan. Documents one, two, three, and seven was talking about if China was prepared for the European countries, and documents five, six, and nine talked about whether or not China compared to the European countries. Documents twelve, fourteen, and sixteen all talked about negative interactions between Japan and the European countries. So, as a total, I think that neither way from both China or Japan will work in the long run, but that they will recover from it.
Nanking suffered a severe tragedy in six weeks that its memories fail to erase. The tragedy consisting of rape, murder, and looting will never disappear from the city or its inhabitants. Thanks to John Rabe and several others, thousands of Chinese were able to survive. The history of the massacre was slowly dying, but because of books and museums, the history lives onward. The Japanese have not repaired Nanjing or educated their own country about their own mistakes. The Japanese still refuse to believe that the massacre even occurred even though there are pictures of the event and vital proof. The Japanese have surely left a blood stain in the history of this world.
Japanese imperialist influences led to stabilized, yet it biased politics in China. In a grab for power, nobles attempted to dominate China for themselves. When Japan entered China with its exceptional manpower and weapons, they prevented the nobles from doing so. In the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan forced China to cede Korea, pay war indemnities, and open numerous ports (Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Chongqing,) while ending the attempts for power. However, seeing Japan’s progress through the adoption of western technologies, the Chinese formed political clubs like the followers of Guang Xu, which debated approaches to reform. Japan also exerted control over the ruling class and politicians, demanding that they work together and help preserve the crumbling local governments. Nonetheless, the stabilization brought consequences. The influence of the Japanese...
Douglas Reynolds, China, 1898-1912: The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Our preliminary class gave a brief, yet detailed outline of major events affecting the East Asian region. Within that class, prompted by our limited geographical knowledge of Asia, we were given a fundamental explanation of the geographical locations of the various events taking place in the region. In subsequent classes, we were introduced to the major wars, political shifts, and economic interests which shaped Japan, China and Korea to what they are today. We examined the paradigm of pre-modern Japanese governance, the Shogunate, and the trained warriors which defended lord and land, Samurai. In addition, we examined the socio-economic classes of Medieval Japan, which included the Samurai, peasants, craftsmen, and the merchants. We also examined pre-1945 Japan’s policies toward foreign entities, notably the Sakoku Policy, which sought to expunge all foreign presence and commerce in an effort to protect its borders and culture. 1945, however, saw ...