Introduction
Pathogens are organisms that cause diseases. There are three types of organisms responsible for most waterborne disease which includes viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Faecal matter from humans and other animals is the source of water contamination. The intestinal tract is affected by Rotavirus and symptoms include diarrhoea, vomiting, headaches, fevers and chills. Some waterborne diseases can cause death. Along with these pathogens, also come parasites.
The two types of intestinal parasites are helminthes and protozoa. Helminthes are worms with multiple cells. The most common helminthes are tapeworms, pinworms and ringworms. These intestinal parasites may also be transmitted by sexual intercourse and other forms of sexual play. In the helminthes adult form they cannot multiply in the human body. Protozoa have only one cell which multiplies inside the human body which allows for serious infections. Intestinal parasites are usually transmitted when someone comes in contact with infected faeces which are present in contaminated soil, food, or water which is caused by poor hygiene.
This report focuses on a particular pathogen or infectious agent that causes disease or illness to its host. The investigation of the impact that rotavirus has on the human body from a cellular level to the body systems and the discussion of how it has and will impact on society. This investigation will be done by collecting, organizing and analysing relevant past and present scientific data which will then be compiled and presented as an analytical report with research findings and knowledge regarding parasites and pathogens.
Background Information
Rotavirus is a member of the Reoviridae family which contains double-stranded RNA encased in ...
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...In Australia, from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006, national rotavirus serotype surveillance data indicated that serotype G1 was the most dominant serotype representing 40% of all strains. Serotype G1 continues to be the most frequently reported serotype worldwide and has been the most common Australian serotype, for all but two years since 1999.
Conclusion
Rotavirus is a common cause of viral gastroenteritis for Australian babies and preschool children. Infection is caused by person-to-person contact such as touching contaminated hands or faeces (poo). It is possible to be infected with rotavirus several times. Rotavirus impacts the human systems in many different ways. It also has biological impacts on society through past, present and future predictions. In conclusion, Rotavirus affects a majority of the world and has a great effect on young children.
Schistosomiasis is a parasite. This parasite is a worm that you get through contaminated water. Urine and feces usually contaminate the water. The worm goes in to your body and migrates to the bladder, rectum, liver, lungs, spleen, intestines and some veins. After the worm migrates to these places this is where it matures and lays its eggs. The disease has the ability to lay two thousand to three thousand eggs per day and can live for twenty years. There are five different kind of Schistosomiasis that effect humans, these different kinds are; S. mansoni, S. Heamatobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. There are also other kinds of Schistosomiasis that occasionally infect humans, there are; S. bovis, S. mathei, and some avian schistosomes.
Bloodborne pathogens are viruses that deteriorate cells within the body. A virus is a submicroscopic parasitic organism that feeds on cells. Viruses are dependent on cells for their nutrients so the virus survive and reproduce. Every virus consists of either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). A virus can contain a strand of one or the other, but not both. This RNA or DNA is contained within a protein shell for protection. A virus is a parasite that is dependent upon cells for metabolic and reproductive requirements. By using the cell the virus makes the host very ill by redirecting cellular activity to make more viruses.
Europe from 1000 to 1300 was a place of prosperity and new opportunities. Due the introduction of the 3-field system and other changes brought to agriculture during this time, food was in surplus. This cerealization allowed for the support of a larger population, time for leisure activities, more money for luxury items, and specialisation of labour. Artisans, such as blacksmiths or bakers, formed guilds, lords and ladies held lovely parties, and the monarch ruled over the fruitful feudal society. Although the region flourished before the plague struck with its commercial revolution, and after with the Renaissance, the plague wrought devastation to the kingdoms within Europe from 1348 to 1351 through its exponential-like spread from city to
Infectious diseases are the disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasite who live both inside and outside our bodies and are normally helpful but can cause infectious diseases to the human (body) system under certain conditions. And for a disease to be infectious, there is what is called ‘’chain of infection’’ that takes place before. And this can be seen in the below diagram:
Smallpox is a disease from the variola virus. Smallpox has caused an estimated number of 300 million deaths in the 1900s alone. Smallpox is said to have been around since the ancient Egyptian times. The disease was eradicated in the late 20th century and two samples are still kept, one in U.S.A and one in Russia. Smallpox creates bumps and blisters all over the body and has been one of the most fatal epidemics the world has seen.
Giardiasis is a disease that is spread quickly and can be found in most places around the world: “Giardiasis is a common intestinal infection spread by eating contaminated water, or through direct contact with the organism that causes the disease, Giardia lamblia” (Turkington 1). The disease Giardiasis is caused by a parasite called Giardia lamblia. Living in the intestines in humans, overtime the parasite multiplies and continues to grow (“Giardiasis” 333). Because Giardia is mainly found on surfaces that have come in contact with human waste, the parasite lives in places such as soil and food. By the disease being easily catchable, the parasite is transmitted to another person by the contact between the two people (Vyas 1). Although the disease is most likely caught by coming in contact with someone who is exposed to giardiasis, there are other ways for one can become infected. Since the parasite can live in water, drinking water from lakes where animals have left their waste is another cause of the infection (Vyas 1). The act of eating contaminated or raw food can also lead to illness. The parasite living in the spoiled food is the reason for the sickness after consumption (Vyas 1). As stated before, direct association spreads the disease more: “It is the most frequent parasite acquired by children in daycare centers and preschools (Estrada 972). Having knowledge of the causes of giardiasis is an
Infectious diseases also called as communicable diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi), can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another.
In 1974, Thomas Flewett named the virus the Rotavirus after observing the virus through an electron microscope. He observed that the virus looked like a wheel (rota in Latin). In 1976, the virus was observed in several other species such as pigs and calves. This virus had many serotypes, all of which caused gastroenteritis. It was recognized as a collective pathogen affecting gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Rotavirus serotypes were discovered in 1980s.
Yamaguchi, N., D. W. MacDonald, W. C. Passanisi, D. A. Harbour, and C. D. Hopper.Epidemiology and Infection, Vol. 116, No. 2 (Apr., 1996), pp. 217-223
What are tapeworms? Tapeworms are a parasite that can be caused by the consumption of food or water that has been contaminated by eggs or larvae. There are two types of infections the first is called an invasive infection which is caused by the ingestion of the eggs if they migrate outside of the intestines into the body tissues and organs. The other type is called an intestinal infection which will occur if a larva develops into an adult tapeworm in the intestines. The body of a full grown tapeworm consists of head, neck, and proglottids which are a chain of segments. The head of a tapeworm will stick to the wall of the intestines where the proglottids will grow and produce more eggs. The intestinal tapeworms are normally a mild concern, but the invasive infection can have a severe impact on the body if left untreated. These worms can be quite dangerous if left untreated.
Water-borne transmission refers to diseases that are acquired via usually contaminated freshwater. Infection occurs during bathing, swimming, drinking, preparing of food, or in the consumption of food that has been infected with a water-borne pathogen. Most of water-borne pathogens are protozoa, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Common examples of water-borne pathogens are Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, and Legionella pneumophila, along with man...
Human beings are vulnerable to diseases. It is inevitable that a person will catch a cold, fever, or something more severe in their lifetime. One of the greatest achievements in modern history that prevent or delay a disease is vaccination. There are hundreds of viruses and diseases that infect people yearly, and one of the most common ones is Rotavirus. Rotavirus is an infection that causes an inflammation in a person’s stomach and intestines which leads to extreme diarrhea. The virus is most common in infants and children worldwide, and results to the death of hundreds of thousands of
Infection control, a term that describes procedures taken to reduce the spread of infection. The dental office is a place where many people are treated including patients with infectious disease such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and many other highly contagious diseases. It is imperative that in any dental office setting the prevention of the spreading microorganisms from patient to patient, patient to staff, or staff to patient is done in high precaution. Infection control has two main objectives; to protect the patients from harmful pathogens as well as dental team members. Infections can cause or add pain, deteriorate a persons health, and in worst cases even result in death. In order to understand the infection control in a dental facility, you must understand the standard precautions required by organizations that regulate or recommend infection control, the kinds of preventive measures taken, as well as when these measures should be taken.
The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the tests and diagnosis for cholera, and finally, the ways the cholera bacterium may be transmitted.
...of this type of environmental hazard that have plagued the every society and person in some way. Disease in humans can come from biological hazards in the form of infection by bacteria such as viruses,or parasites. Major infectious diseases like AIDS, acute respiratory infections, diarrhea disease and tuberculosis are both bacterial and viral infections that are the leading cause of human death to date. Examples of these infections include pneumonia, influenza, diphtheria, and streptococcal infections. The hazards from these bacterias can be avoided through prevention steps such as health care as well as the proper handling, storing, and cooking of food.