Optimization problem
After having defined the structure of the extractive distillation process, the optimal values of the design and operating variables can be determined based on an optimization problem whose details will be discussed as follows.
Decision variables
Due to the fact that the parameters specified as the (design/operating) degrees of freedom can be used as the decision variables, the decision variables can be divided into two categories including: design and operating decision variables. The design variables include the total stage number of each column, feed and solvent stages of the extractive distillation column and feed plate of the recovery column. However, it is easier to assume that the extractive distillation column is
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Accordingly, the resulting optimization problem is a mixed-integer nonlinear problem and a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) optimization problem should be handled. Here, the MINLP capability of the NOMAD optimization package (Audet and Dennis Jr, 2006) has been used to solve the formulated MINLP problems.
Constraints
Two constraints regarding the minimum product specifications (i.e., purity of the products) in columns were considered. The mole fraction of the acetone product in the distillate of the column C1 and the mole fraction of the produced chloroform as the distillate of the column C2 should be equal or greater than the desired product purity of 99.5mol%.
Objective function
For the combined optimization of the design and operation of the acetone/chloroform/DMSO extractive distillation process, the objective was the minimization of the total annual cost (TAC) of the plant. TAC is calculated as the sum of the operating costs (i.e., utility costs) and annual capital investment (i.e., investment for column shell, trays and heat exchangers) as shown in Eq. (1), where the annual capital investment is defined as the capital investment divided by a three year payback
Adding the sample to chromatography column uses a careful technique. The solvent should be added so that it is just below the top of the packed column. With the stopcock closed and after the stopper is removed at the stop of the column and the clamp on the tubing at the top of the column is closed, the sample solution can be added carefully. The clamp on the tubing is opened so that the sample can go through the column until it is right below the top of the column. The packed column should not be disturbed as the sample is poured in. Once the clamp is closed again, a little bit of solvent is added. The clamp is opened so that the solvent can run through, and then again the clamp is closed and more solvent is
The key stakeholders are Peter Vyas, the manager of filtration unit and Cynthia Jackson who is the vice president of water management division. Vyas was convinced that the survival of the unit depended upon innovative growth and thus he appointed a technology evaluation team with the responsibility of using technology to solve the problem of obtaining clean water in remote regions, by developing a small-scale oxidation system that enabled waste-water disinfection in small batches. His utmost concern is the technological aspect of developing the product. On the other hand, Cynthia’s perspective was shaped by the marketing angle of the product. She recommended the development of future proposals using a rigorous three phase process which links the markets analysis and technological development to busines...
Comment on class result with respect to differences in filter types, differences in filter assemblies, and overall on the confidence you would have in using this type of sterilisation process in preparation of pharmaceutical products. List the factors that may cause contamination during filtration. (20 marks)
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
The conical vial was placed in a small beaker and allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was Cooled thoroughly in an ice bath for 15-20 minutes and crystals collected by vacuum filtration on a Hirsch funnel. The vial was rinsed with about 5 mL of ice water and transferred into to the Hirsch funnel and again washed with two additional 5mL portions of ice water. Crystals were dried for 5-10 minutes by allowing air to be drawn through them while they remained on the Hirsch funnel. The product was transferred to a watch glass plate and allow the crystals to dry in air. Crude acetaminophen product was weighed and set aside a small sample for a melting point determination and a color comparison after the next step. Calculation of the percentage yield of crude acetaminophen (MW = 151.2). was done and recorded in the lab notebook.
The report uses different criteria such as cost benefit analysis, environmental impact, health and safety issues and processing technique to provide recommendations. The report recommends that the ...
Every action or proposal needs to balance equity and efficiency needs in order to deliver optimal dividends to its targeted audience. Given the fact that resources are relatively scarce compared to the innumerable needs, businessmen, economists, administrators among other leaders reckon that every proposals needs the equity-efficiency balance in order for set goals and objectives to be achieved. This paper seeks to describe the role of equity and efficiency trade off in proposals.
Preparing Benzoic Acid from Benzylalcohol Planning (a) Problem The aim of this experiment is to synthesize benzioc acid, with the highest possible yield, by oxidizing benzylalcohol. Hypothesis We expect the percentage yield to be about 50% due to several processes such as cooling and filtering. Possible Variables - Time - Temperature (of water) - Filter Planning (b) Apparatus/ Materials - Round bottomed flask under reflux - benzylalcohol - HCl - Na2O4 - Büchner funnel - beakers - sodium carbonate Procedure The benzioc acid is synthesized by heating benzylalcohol in a round bottomed flask under reflux. In addition to that, we use Na2O4 as a oxidizing agent. After that, we use HCl to precipitate it.
The growing demand for the production of such goods and the various constraints involved has motivated me to help provide the world with processes and techniques which are not only more efficient and affordable but also sustainable. The auxiliary motivators have been my interest for mathematics and my analytical ability. This is the goal that I set out with, and I believe that one of the toughest challenges in life is to make timely, well thought-out decisions that would aid in constant progression towards a goal. One such timely decision was the selection of Chemical engineering as my undergraduate stream of study which could pre...
Živković, Snežana; Takić, Ljiljana; Živković, Nenad UNAPREĐENJE EKOLOŠKIH PERFORMANSI PRIMENOM STANDARDA ISO 14001 - STUDIJA SLUČAJ.. Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2013, Vol. 19 Issue 4, p541-552. 12p. DOI: 10.2298/CICEQ120513088Z. ,
The catalytic process occurs at lower temperature anf offers higher selectivity but requires frequent regeneration of the catalyst. Then, the products are cooled and introduced into a pair of separators which separate the unreacted hydrogen. The unreacted hydrogen is compressed and recycle back to the feed and reactor. The products that leaving the separators are heated before introduced into a distillation column which the toluene is separated from the stream and recycle back to the...
Generates only a single point solution for each iteration, a sequence of those converging to the optimal solution.
9. Slower distillation results in better separation of liquids, because time is needed for the liquids to meet the vapors in the distillation/condensation process. If this is done too fast, then the vapor doesn’t go through as many distillation/condensation cycles, and the final sample will not be separated into its too components as much.
The concept of potential problem analysis, which is also known as potential opportunity analysis, is one of the stages in the Kepner-Tregoe approach for the problem-solving process. This concept was introduced to help in analyzing the consequences of a decision in order to identify what could potentially go wrong and to create initiatives that could address the problems or issues once they actually emerge. Generally, the potential problem analysis technique is developed to offer a comprehensive evaluation of a created idea or action so as to predict any probability for something going wrong. Therefore, this concept or procedure helps an individual to expected problems before they take place and to develop necessary measures that could be implemented to prevent the probable problem from taking place or lessen its effect.
Cost optimization: Determine the product costs by tracing detailed cost using analytical tools. To maximize profit by detect precise cost of products, optimize margins by inventory valuation.