CHAPTER ONE Introduction The application of physical principles for detecting inhomogenities in materials without impairing the usefulness of the materials has brought into being a technique known as “Non-Destructive Testing” (NDT). Every day more and more is being demanded of materials because materials are being subjected to service and environmental conditions never before encountered. If this field of technology is to fulfil and achieve its full potential, not only more but also better NDT must be done. The term NDT is often considered to be concerned only with the detection and location of flaws. Actually, the methods and techniques used in NDT measure physical properties or non-uniformity in physical properties of materials as well. Variations or non-uniformities in physical properties may or may not affect the usefulness of a material, depending upon the particular application under consideration. These methods and techniques can be used to determine what variations or non-uniformities in properties can be tolerated in the anticipated service. As our technology advances further, there will be a demand and need for new performance from engineering materials. 1.1 Current Development of NDT The rapid growth in the use of NDT methods and techniques these days has resulted from demands by industry for improved quality and especially by the critical requirements in the fields of jet aircraft, missiles, and nuclear energy [3]. There is need for more and better-trained personnel in the area of NDT. There is need for personnel who have received formal training in NDT fundamentals, who understand the physical principles in which the various test methods are based, and who in the application of the tests will not lose sight of the ph... ... middle of paper ... ... are still satisfactory for use; it pays off in dependable predictable production, fewer repairs, less accidents, and lower over-all operating costs. Increased serviceability of equipment and material will result through the application of NDT methods and techniques, by finding and locating defects which may cause malfunctioning or breakdown of equipment. In the field of safety proper use of non-destructive tests will aid in the prevention of accidents, with their possible loss of life, property, and vital equipment. The identification of materials differing in metallurgical, physical, or chemical properties can often be done by using non-destructive testing methods. Some work is being done in this area of correlation of various kinds of defects and their effect on serviceability of a part or component, which needs further investigation [3]. 1.3.8. Types of Defects
Testing was performed at 23 ºC under the condition of 0% RH at 1 atm with the standard of ASTM D3985. Measurements were taken at three times and the average value was calculated. All specimens were conditioned at ambient conditions.
Fatigue failure can be divided in three parts i.e. Crack initiation, Crack propagation and Final rupture.
If equipment flaw or a defective part is spotted, the damaged machine directly stops, and operators halt production and rectify the identified problem. It is essential ...
In spite of the shortage among nurses, there are number of options and recommendations that can better help to maintain an adequate staff level and provide greater strategies needed to increase nursing. The choices open to cover for insufficient staff range from reallocating and postponing work, relocating staff within unit or from other units, to employing temporary additional nurses according to Buchan and Seccombe (1995). In health care, some of these options may not be available because ...
"Welding Processes, Welding Faults, Defects & Discontinuities For NDT Technicians Part 3." Hera.org. Hera, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. .
Thousands of nurses throughout the nation are exhausted and overwhelmed due to their heavy workload. The administrators do not staff the units properly; therefore, they give each nurse more patients to care for to compensate for the lack of staff. There are several reasons to why
5) Objects above this three to four foot line show signs of heat damage (melted candles, cracked mirrors, etc.); objects below this line show o damage.
There can be percentage errors and uncertainties or heat loss in surrounding while executing the experiment.
...mplications that allow for opportunities of change. One of the presumptions is for training and staffing (Shi & Singh, 2012). With the utilization of health care improvements, the staff will need additional instructions on the performance of equipment and how to efficiently achieve the desired results. Managers or supervisors recognize the need for supplemental staffing and training to optimize patient satisfaction and quality of care. The health care administrator must also focus on changes in insurance policies and rules governing the provision of medical assistance (Shi & Singh, 2012).
List of the tests to be conducted, material to be tested, the location of sampling, the organization’s name that will perform the test, and the frequency of testing.
Using manual welding, it is very tricky to achieve the utmost standards of quality and safety. This is mainly due to ce...
To combat these and other issues that can arise due to a lack of training, the development of a training program will wan...
I’m doing investigation on defect and failure in the aircraft structures which is important for the prevention of further catastrophic incidents. One of the main reason for the failure of the aircraft components or structure under high stress which is during the operation where the component no longer bear the stress which is imposed.
were used in nature and strong and weak were used in quality. In the procedure
In this experiment we are trying to identify an unknown acid or base and its concentration by using the method of titration. The pKa values and the titration curve help aid in identifying of the unknown. In our case we had a base as our unknown (analyte). The use of a certain amount of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid will be used to titrate the unknown solution that is given. This is the tirant. We used hydrochloric acid as our titrant. We achieved a pH of 5.56 at an end point of 10 milliliters. The unknown’s concentration was around 0.098 M at pka(s) of 6 and 7. The sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid are called titrant and it is contained in a container called burette. The unknown solution is held in an erlenmeyer flask. The purpose of the experiment is to measure the weak acid and base by neutrilizing it and determining the unknown acid by titration.