This article provides a literature review of the development of quantum filtering in fermion Field. Firstly we highlight the quantum filtering concept in its relation with the classical filtering. We highlight some key developments in quantum filtering theory and it main departures from the classical filtering theory. While most of the works have been developed are majorly in bosonic field, the fermionic field filtration is also of considerable technological importance since electron used in current development of solid state quantum mesoscopic system is one of the fermion particle. We summarize few available developements in quantum filtering in the fermion field. We then mention several interesting restrictions and boundaries of the existing results yet to be considered as research problems. In control and communication engineering fields, filtering problems appears when the measurement of the system is not adequate due to the noise appearance or other disturbance. A filtration technique is used to obtain a more valuable information from a non ideal measurement. It can be formulated in sense of Bayesian projection of given set of measurement history, so called filtration, or any other sense of the optimality, like H-infinity norm. One of the most widely known filter and successfully applied in practical engineering field is Kalman filter, which appeared in early 1960. Kalman filter, basically based on simple approach that the noise has a Gaussian characteristics, measurement and inherent system noise are not correlated, and the system is in a linear dynamics. A more general formulation of filtering problems have been proposed in late 1960, to name few, Strantonovic, Zakai, Kushner and Mortensen. These filtration formulation... ... middle of paper ... ...ed Boson. At the opposite, if the indistinguishable particles cannot occupy the same configuration, they will obey the Fermi-Dirac statistics, called fermion. Photon is one of the most famous type of boson particle, while electron is one of the fermions. From the large scale engineering development point of view, the open quantum systems interact with fermionic field are of highly important developments. Solid state semiconductor can be fabricated to form quantum dots in a size of few nanometers to store single electron. Arrangements of such quantum dots can be thought as an atomic size of computer. In the next section we will review several key developments using mathematical notion in quantum filtering. We first mention the basic mathematical concept of quantum probability, and then we will extend the classical concepts of the filtering to the quantum filtering.
The novel, Alice and Quantum Land, by Robert Gilmore is an adventure in the Quantum universe. Alice, a normal teenage girl, goes through quantum land and understands what quantum is and how it works. The quantum world is a difficult one to understand, as its nature is one of complex states of being, natures, principles, notions, and the like. When these principles or concepts are compared with the macro world, one can find great similarities and even greater dissimilarities between the world wherein electrons rule, and the world wherein human beings live. In Alice in Quantumland, author Robert Gilmore converts the original tale of Alice in Wonderland from a world of anthropomorphic creatures into the minute world of quantum mechanics, and attempts to ease the reader into this confusing world through a series of analogies (which comprise an allegory) about the principles of quantum mechanics. Through Alice’s adventure she comes across some ideas or features that contradict real world ideas. These ideas are the following: Electrons have no distinguishing spin, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, Superposition, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and Interference and Wave Particle Duality.
Quantum Mechanics This chapter compares the theory of general relativity and quantum mechanics. It shows that relativity mainly concerns that microscopic world, while quantum mechanics deals with the microscopic world.
Quantum mechanics describes several objects and phenomena that seem strange and are difficult to understand. Among these are quanta “chunks” of energy; the wave-particle duality of matter; and the uncertainty principle which limits what we can know about objects. In 1927, German physicist Werner Heisenberg discovered a general characteristic of quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle. According to this principle, it is impossible to precisely describe both the location and the momentum of a particle at the same time, therefore it affects the attempts to measure a particle’s location and
The Pauli exclusion principle is defined by Dr. Steven S. Zumdahl, "In a given atom no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers." Due to this principle, only two electrons can inhabit a single energy level. The electrons that share the same energy level have opposite intrinsic angular momentums which is more commonly known as "spin". To determine the direction of the spin the angular momentum vector is analyzed.
“A strange fact about quantum physics is that indeterminate future outcomes are seemingly governed by probabilities in the present. Quantum objects exist in "superpositions" of more than one state until such time as we measure them, when they adopt one or other of their possible forms. The most notorious illustration is Schrödinger's cat: locked in a box with a vial of poison whose seal may or may not be intact, it is simultaneously dead and alive -- until you open the box, when it is most definitely one or the other.”
"Introduction to Quantum Mechanics." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 9 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. .
In An Introduction to The Philosophy of Physics, Marc Lange offers a novel interpretation of entangled quantum systems, a view that may not have these consequences. However, this interpretation seems to have interesting consequences of its own. In this paper I will formulate and examine Lange interpretation of quantum entanglement, and attempt to motivate it. In section I, I will give a brief sketch of quantum entanglement and what it's standard taken to mean. In section II, I'll discuss Lange's interpretation, and how it commits one to the existence of multiply located objects, and reasons one might not be happy with this conclusion. Finally, In section III, I'll argue that one might find motivation for Lange's view on other grounds, namely, as Lange's view preserves the notion of the ontological priority of parts to their wholes.
The theory of quantum mechanics has divided the atom into a number of fundamental sub-atomic particles. Although the physicist has shown that the atom is not a solid indivisible object, he has not been able to find a particle which does possess those qualities. Talk of particles, though, is misleading because the word suggests a material object. This is not the intention for the use of the word in quantum physics. Quantum particles are, instead, representations of the actions and reactions of forces at the sub-atomic level. In fact, physicists are less concerned with the search for a material particle underlying all physical objects and more interested in explaining how nature works. Quantum theory is the means that enables the physicist to express those explanations in a scientific way.
... in Wireless Sensor Networks: Current proposal and Future Development, IEEE Xplore, Hong Kong, Oct- 2007.
The dynamic systems view was developed by Arnold Gesell in 1934 and explores how humans develop their motor skills. From Mr. Gesell’s observations, he was able to conclude that children develop their motor skills in a specific order and time frame. He concluded that children roll, walk, sit, and stand as a result of several factors – the ability to move, the environmental support to move and the motivation/goal to move. Once the child has the motivation, ability, and support, they accept the new challenge. After several failed and successful attempts, they begin to fine-tune and master the movement with continued support and motivation. The dynamic systems theory is not a random process that children experience, the skills are calculated and develop over a period of time.
Strassler, Matthew. “Fermions And Bosons.” Of Particular Significance. WordPress, 12 Aug. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2013.
Signal detection theory is introduced by mathematicians and engineer in 1950 . It started to evolve from the developing electronics communication.
Observational learning is a type of learning that is done by observing the actions of others. It describes the process of learning by watching others, retaining what was learned, and
Due to the development of ICT, adaptive learning, which takes into account individual learners’ needs, is changing. Learners’ learning styles are one of the most significant characteristics. They can be categorized according to a number of criteria which are based on cognitive and emotional components of personality. Their combination leads to the countless individual variants of real learning methods which – to a certain degree – can be influenced by the current e-learning resources. When the e-learning resources can react to the learners’ input characteristics or their learning results, they become adaptive e-learning systems (AES) or intelligent AES.
American Institute of Physics. Vol. 1051 Issue 1 (2008). Academic Search Premier.> 224. http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=34874307&site=ehost-live.