Agriculture is the science of farming, cultivating land, breeding, feeding and other products. GIS has proven to play a huge role in Agriculture as it has increased the production and reduced cost for farmers worldwide. GIS has enabled farmers to examine, measure and monitor many conditions on there farm which makes it quite powerful. An example of the use of GIS in Agriculture is in an article named More Crop per Drop, this article describes that during the late 1990s professor Wim Bastiaanssen developed and algorithm to display the surface energy balance which would help calculate the crop water consumption. This would allow farmers to determine the precise amount of water needed to sustain a healthy plant life in any part of the world
Exploration and mining is the process of discovering, extracting and managing of ores. These resources require the use of GIS to give companies the tools and technology to display volumes of data required to put the mines to optimum efficiency. An example of the use of GIS in Exploration and mining is in the article named Assessing the Success of Surface Coal Mine Reclamation; this article explains the benefits of using GIS and how I helped detect erosion in the mines.
Ecology and environmental systems is the science and engineering of a system that is apart of our surroundings. These scientists use GIS in Ecology/ environmental systems to study, measure, improve and manage our environment. An example of the use GIS in Ecology, environmental systems is in the article I found named Simplifies Italian Hazardous Incident Response; this article explains how a devastating earthquake had struck northern Italy in 2012. A GIS company provided support by helping prevent or manage any potential loss of ...
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...d to be able to respond and recover more effectively from natural disasters. There are many benefits from using GIS in emergency management as it is essential to ready and have a plan that is ready to activate.
Archaeology is the study of past cultures by examining and excavation of artefacts and other physical remains that may be useful. Archaeologist study the culture, religion, technology and values of past cultures as these are all very useful archaeological sites. GIS is commonly used in Archaeology for many different reasons, they use site level GIS for critical task that include recording site locations, creating 3D images of excavation sites and analyzing spatial data that has been received. As geology plays a huge role in Archaeology GIS can help in the fact that it has changed the way they look at data and how they can use the land to there advantage.
To identify the specific type, functions and time period of the artifacts, various archaeology books, reports, and journal were referred. The interpretation was then conducted by dividing the artifacts into different area on the map and investigating their relationships.
Ecology is defined as a “system theory used to describe and analyze people and other living systems and their
As Jensen points out, farming and industry accounts for the vast majority of total water usage in the world (477). The increasingly scarce resource is a necessary ingredient when growing food. Technology continuously improves to make it easier for farmers to grow crops while using less water. Scientists at the University of Georgia utilize what they term “variable rate irrigation” to let farmers automate the current systems of irrigation to water only the crops that need it (Gies). This is an example of retrofitting current farms, but there is a new way of farming coming to cities that reuses practically all of its water and stakes claim much less acreage in the process. The future of agriculture belongs to vertical and urban farming. These types of farms reduce the use of water, chemicals (such as pesticides, herbicides and fungicides), soil and space (The Economist). These farms are so cutting edge that they are mostly in the experimental stages. Firms like Famgro farms are testing “stackable” farming systems that can scale with demand, even further reducing waste. Famgro’s stackable farms are ideal for cityscapes where land is at a premium; furthermore, reaping the added benefit of being in close proximity to the customers that they serve. Customers will enjoy high quality, fresh produce at only a slightly
Archaeology is the closest thing we have to a time machine. It is the only way we can know the unrecorded, and sometimes even the recorded, past. History may be written by the victorious, but archaeology is about the common people. There are archaeological sites ranging in age from thousands-of-years-old prehistoric habitations, to the Egyptian pyramids, to World War II military bases. As a means of obtaining knowledge about our collective past, archaeology has been unsurpassed. It is the literal and figurative digging up of the forgotten past.
This book is another addition to the list of introductory GIS textbooks. The book focuses on topics that are generally required to be learned in an introductory GIS class. The author infuses mathematical equations and formulas throughout the book to explain GIS tasks. This is helpful for the student to learn the fundamentals of GIS rather than simply learning GIS software. Apart from the occasional typographical errors and incomplete sentences, the chapters are generally readable and contain several flowcharts, pictures and the book is moderately priced. Each chapter ends with study questions and references. The author has tried to organize the chapters in ‘input-processing-output model’ or ‘model-view-control process’ or ‘use case of information function’ formats. In...
Geographers plan new communities, decide where new highways should be placed, and establish evacuation plans. Computerized mapping and data analysis is known as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a new frontier in geography. Spatial data is gathered on a variety of subjects and input onto a computer. GIS users can create an infinite number of maps by requesting portions of the data to plot.
10.) Archaeology - is the study of the remains of human behaviour in the past. It usually involves excavating sites where such remains including artifacts and ecofacts, can be found.
Archeologists use physical evidence to study the past, about the people and how they lived through geographical surveying such as ground penetrating radar and aerial
GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on the base map. The information that is stored in the database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings, etc. each of these items don’t just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the sewer line would be represented graphically, with a line connecting the two points or something of the like. When one retrieves the information for that line in particular, the attribute data would be shown. This data would include the size of pipe, the pipe material, the upper invert elevation, the downstream invert elevation, the date installed, and any problem history associated with that line. This is the very gist of what a GIS system is.
According to The Society for American Archaeology, the definition of Archaeology is, “to obtain a chronology of the past, a sequence of events and dates that, in a sense, is a backward extension of history.” The study of ancient civilizations and archaeology is rather ambiguous due to the primitive nature of the time period. With little imagery and even less textual evidence, professionals in the field must work diligently when studying their subjects. Naturally, archaeologists cannot see or communicate with those whom they are studying, so they must be extraordinarily meticulous when analyzing past cultures. This relates to all aspects of the ancient world including; foods, raw materials, artifacts, agriculture, art work and pottery. All of these elements can collectively provide new and innovative information to curious archaeologists who may wish to gain a better understanding of those who came before us. This information is equally beneficial for both historians and archaeologists who plan to compare the histories of societies from all around the world. In the world of archaeology, archaeologists strive to better explain human behavior by analyzing our past. Therefore, the study of archaeology is a key element in understanding a time before our own.
Improvements in the socio-economic patterns in India, China, Brazil and few other developing countries have opened new channels & opportunities for precision agriculture in these countries (Mondal, P. and Basu, M., 2009)”. India is a land of agriculture with large numbers of crops cultivated and the major pulses like wheat, pulses, rice, cotton, maize within top 10 in the world. However, when you take into consideration the ranking on quality wise it does not reach high. Although crops are being grown in India, The ratio of fertilizers used per area and the nutrition needs of the plants are not met. It is almost 3-5 times lesser to what is used in developed countries. With PA, you can achieve this needs of the plants, but studying the crop, soil and terrains. With the recent advancement in ISRO (Indian Satellite Research Organization) launching GPS and the IT revolution has changed the Indian environment making inroads for new scopes in farm sectors. There is also a misinterpretation that these technologies cannot be used in small scale farms. There are few technologies like chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and leaf colour chart (LCC) hand held portable devices to determine the timing of crop and the nutrient content. Government has been supportive in encouraging growers in small community to use GIS systems, and internet to understand the
Archaeologists are scattered across the gamut. Considering knowledge of human past is valuable to numerous academic disciplines. Varieties of archaeological application include: cultural resource management, heritage conservation, historic preservation,
People have been relying for their daily needs and well-being on nature. The natural ecosystem provides varieties of goods and services to us, for instance, fresh water, fisheries, timber, water purification etc. The benefits that people directly get from the natural systems are called ecosystem services (ES).
To understand why is agriculture important in the world of today, then first of all we must know what agriculture is? Agriculture is the basic material production of society, the use of land for agriculture and livestock, mining plants and animals as raw materials and labor to produce mainly food and some raw materials for industry. Agriculture is a major industry, covering many disciplines: planting, breeding and processing of agricultural products; in the broadest sense, also including forestry and fisheries. Agriculture is an important economic sector in the economy of many countries, especially in the past century , when the industry has not yet developed. Since the dawn of history, agriculture has been one of the importance means of producing
Geotechnical Engineering covers the engineering properties of soils, the fundamentals of soil mechanics, and the application of geotechnical data and fundamentals to the design of foundation elements, earth-retaining structures, excavations, earth embankments and highway pavements.