Executive functions play an important role in ensuring that a child will enjoy success at school. In fact, they are believed to be more important for school readiness than IQ or ability in reading and maths when entering school.(Blair and Razza, 2007) EFs depend on the prefrontal cortex and the neural regions with which it is connected. The pre frontal cortex and EFs will suffer if a child is sad, lonely or not physically fit.
A Diamond believes that Executive Function skills are made up of three main interrelated core skills. Inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. These form the foundation of higher order skills such as reasoning, problem solving and planning. The lack of these skills can affect a child ability to plan and prioritise for example putting on socks before shoes, inhibition/impulse control for example being able to raise a hand and wait rather that blurting out an answer,
Shift The ability to move freely from one situation to another and to think flexibly in order to respond appropriately to the situation.
Emotional control – the ability to control emotions for example the ability to not over react when dealing with criticism.
Working memory – this is the ability to hold information in the mind whilst mentally working with it
Resist distractions – the ability to listen to the
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However, others do argue that more work needs to be done in order to show a causal link between executive function and achievement.(Jacob and Parkinson, 2015) A child with strong executive function skills will find it easier to make and keep friends since they will be less likely to respond impulsively, they will be able to resist urges, take turns and follow rules when playing games. Since EFs play such a crucial
Social psychology is a scientific study that studies how people think, feel, and how they behave under the influence of other people (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2013, p. 2). Thinking about what social influence really means, we tend to think of a person who tries to persuade another person to acting a certain way. It can be a form of peer pressure, like taking that first puff of a cigarette, or it can be conforming to popular societal views, such as obeying the law of the land. Fiction is a great way to learn about social psychological perspectives. Watching popular theatrical films is the perfect way to learn because it illustrates the application of many perceptions within the subject of social psychology.
The institutional approach to studying the presidency focuses on the presidency as an institution. It examines the president’s roles and responsibilities, with an emphasis on the structures and process of the presidency. This approach is helpful for evaluating what presidents do in a systematic way; however, institutional studies of the presidency often emphasize the role of institutions and processes at the expense of individual characteristics such as ideology, power, and personality. Institutional studies are typically case studies or involve quantitative analysis methods.
Child development is crucial throughout the early years, during this time the development of the brain occurs. The development of the brain contributes to the functioning of the body. The anatomy of the brain is made up of neurons and divided into four different lobes. The temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes control a variety of cognitive functions. The brain controls simple functions such as fine and gross motor skills, vision, and memory. According to Meadows (1993, p.263), at all sorts of levels in the brain there are programs for functions such as breathing, sleeping, and producing coherent language. Brain development in children is vital during the early years. During the early years, children brains are active enabling children to learn a variety of information. Many studies have been conducted and they have concluded a healthy lifestyle, physical activity, and exposing young children to a variety of education material assist with child development. The first few years of a child’s life is crucial as far as his intellectual as well as socio-emotional abilities are concerned (Bose, 2000).
Similarly, children with executive function deficits need external cues, prompts and reinformcements to supplant the self-regulatory functions they are lacking internally (Barkley, 2010).
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has been a significant topic of research over the last few decades. While there is no conclusive findings as to what causes Autism, there are many reasonable theories that help to explain how this particular disorder develops. The purpose of this review is to explore and discuss various theories presented in biopsychology as to what causes Autism. Through the examination of several articles and studies, several theories will be presented. Such theories will include the Executive Function Theory, the effect of thimersol and vaccines, the effect of SHANK3, environmental factors, and genetics, all of which will be discussed in further detail.
Cognitive development is defined as the process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. Many professionals have challenged and researched this topic. One of the most widely believed views is that of Dr. Lev Vygotsky’s. According to the textbook, this view supports the idea of scaffolding as a social support. Vygotsky’s theory also involved an idea called “the zone of proximal development.” The child is best guided through this “zone” by gearing the parent’s assistance to the child’s capabilities. This theory supports the possibility that human neurobiology underlies cognitive development in early childhood, but key forms of the child’s cognitive activities develop through interaction with older, more experienced people who guide them within appropriate learning environments. In layman’s terms, this is the difference between what a child can do with help and what a child can do without help. My virtual child is a great example of this. Roman was very capable of preforming certain tasks, but could he do it without my help? During the first two years of a child’s life, they typically are in the sensory-motor stage of cognitive development. During this stage, we gave Roman an Object Permanence test. This means that we would hide an object and see if Roman could retrieve it properly. At the ages of one to two, Roman could find
The United States faces serious problems that effective early education can help alleviate, most notable high rates of school failure, dropout, crime, and delinquency, as well as far too many youth who are not well prepared for the workforce. From 35 – 45 percent of American children are poorly prepared to succeed in school at kindergarten entry (Barnett & Frede, 2010, p. 22). Children begin learning the day they are born and brain development is vital in their early years. Children gain most of their initial pre-academic skills up to age six; during these crucial years of development it is said that the majority of a child’s brain is developed. So with this said, the area of focus for this research project is to describe the effects of the Early Learning
A child is considered an infant from the age of 2 to 12 months. From 12 months to 36 months this is considered the toddler years where the cognitive, emotional, and social development is great. The social emotional development occurs during early childhood where children experience different moods as well as expanding their social world by learning more about their emotions and other people. The social emotional development is a child's way of understanding the feelings of others, controlling their own feelings and behaviors and getting along with peers. The key to a successful emotional and social development are positive relationship with trusting and caring adults. The social and emotional development in infants and toddlers can have negative
Emotion and cognition are intricately intertwined and hard to tell which is influencing us in our everyday lives. While the former are sometimes referred to as feelings and affects (this term would be used interchangeably with emotion in this article) or “hot cognition”, the latter is often thought as our reasoning, or “cold cognition” (Zajonc, 1980). However, it is quite evident from our day-to-day account of events that it’s always the emotional parts of life that catch our attention - especially the bad ones. For one thing, as a general phenomenon, bad news is considered more newsworthy and can easily attract more reader attention (Baumeister,
Discuss the social psychological approach in psychology and identify the kinds of questions that social psychologists attempt to answer.
There are many types of diverse people classified under various categories. Some people have different types of personalities. They could be classified as extremely manipulative, others as impulsive, and some may not show anything on the outside and have wonderful social skills. These categories help in the understanding of humans. This study is called Psychology and there are many different subfields in this diverse study of the people around us. One subfield that is particularly interesting is personality psychology. Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation between individuals.
Throughout the ages, humans have had an inherent interest in studying the complex area of human behaviour, even before psychology was established as a science. Because the study of behaviour is so broad and multifaceted, its scientific study poses particular challenges. Therefore, it can be beneficial to approach the scientific study of human behaviour from the perspective of cognitive psychology. This is the study of cognition, the mental processes that underlie human behaviour (Ling & Cattling, 2012).
This calming of oneself down is called self control. Self control is an important part of any human social life. For a child, this includes managing feelings and actions and learning similar techniques such as waiting, sharing and how to work out problems. Self control can be taught in different manners, in an infant’s life. The first manner includes using words to understand emotions.
The relationship between personality and behavior. Does our personality cause the behavior to stay calm or go on a rampage? People all over the world have different types of disorders and a certain disorder is called a personality disorder. Arguments from researchers have been made whether or not with someone who has a personality disorder has anger problems and is a danger to others (Davison, 2012). Behavioral problems come from social-cultural influences such as presence of others, the media and peer influences (Myers, 2014).
Personality takes many shapes and forms and is affected by many factors. My understanding of personality is simply a genetic and environmentally determined set of psychological traits that influence our reactions in the world around us. Genetic because our parents possess a certain set of psychological personality traits that we tend to have in common with them so therefore in my opinion there are heritable personality traits. Personality is environmental because we each have our own separate experiences in the world and these experiences help form our unique personality. Neo-Freudians such as Jung have given us a wide array of ideas of how they believe personality is developed and formatted. Jung in particular has a very interesting