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The stark law
Federal Anti-Kickback Statute 42 U.S.C. 1320a-7b(b)
Ethics in patient referral act
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Employee Exception The Ethics in Patient Referrals Act, more commonly known as the Stark Law, and the Medicare Anti-Fraud and Abuse Amendment of 1977, more commonly known as the Anti-Kickback Statute, prohibit healthcare providers from paying any compensation to those who make referral to the providers of healthcare services that can be reimbursed by Medicare or other federally funded health care programs. 42 U.S.C. § 1395nn (2000). Social Security Act § 1128B(b), 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b) (2000). There are, of course, certain exceptions to this rule.
One very important and hotly litigated exception that appears in both the Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute is the Employee Exception. The Employee Exception essentially makes certain referral or remuneration transactions, that would normally be considered a violation of one or both of these statutes, kosher as long as the transaction involves a bona fide employee. The problem is that recent
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Further, in an effort to provide some guidance to a solution, this paper will explore how, through some simple adjustments to one or both of the exception’s language and with the implementation of a physician and market rating system, the government and physician employers can avoid confusing and expensive litigation in the future.
The Stark Law The Ethics in Patient Referral Act, herein referred to as the Stark Law, was enacted in 1989. The Stark Law prohibits physicians with ownership interest in and/or receives compensation from certain healthcare organizations from referring patients to those organizations for designated health services reimbursable by Medicare or other federal healthcare programs. 42 U.S.C. § 1395a. The law was introduced to address the problem of excessive medical tests being ordered by physicians in private
Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits anyone knowingly or willfully offering, paying or soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly; in cash or kind; in exchange for; patient referrals or furnishing or arranging a good or service for a Federal healthcare program including Medicare or Medicaid. Stark would also apply to Hanlester as well but Stark was not enacted until after the Hanlester case. Stark is strict liability, does not require the knowingly/willfully element, and is not prosecuted criminally.
In the United States, healthcare fraud and abuse are significant factor associated with increasing health care costs. It is estimated that federal government spends billions of dollars on the health care cost (Edwards & DeHaven, 2009). Despite the seriousness of fraud and abuse offenses, increasing numbers of healthcare providers are seeking new and more profitable ways to build business relationships. These relationships include hospital mergers, hospital-physician joint ventures, and different types of hospital-affiliated physician networks to cover the rising cost of health care (Showalter, 2007, p 111-114). When these types of arrangements are made, legal issues surrounding the relationship often raise. There are five important Federal fraud and abuse laws that apply to the relationship and to physicians are the False Claims Act (FCA), the Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS), the Physician Self-Referral Law (Stark law), the Exclusion Authorities, and the Civil Monetary Penalties Law (CMPL) and (Office of Inspector General (OIG), 2010). Out of five most important laws that apply to the relationship and the physicians, we are going to focus on the Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS) and the Physician Self-Referral Law (Stark law).
The Stark Law was first introduced as the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act of 1989 and amended in 1993; since then, the Stark Law has been modified and separated into three distinct phases of regulations. Several services fall under the Stark Law commonly referred to as designated health services (DHS), under these regulations by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, the Stark Law forbids a physician from referring patients to themselves or any health care organization of a family member. The Stark Law is intended to limit medical services ordered by a doctor, in efforts of controlling healthcare expenditures. The Stark Law was implemented to prohibit physicians from performing medical procedures that are not required, using financial motives
Some medical facilities are not-for-profit organizations. They can be a charitable organization or an educational organization or both. There are other not-for-profit medical and public health programs that provide health care to many communities in this country. Some of the best hospitals in America are educational not-for-profit facilities. They work with some of the newest technology and some perform experimental procedures. Most public health programs are ran as not-for-profit organizations and operated for charitable and educational purposes. The not-for-profit organization is not liable to pay taxes under IRS code 501 (c)(3) (.org). This allows the organization to put its revenues back into the organization versus having to pay investors or owners. Unfortunately, over the past 20 years the amount of for-profit organizations has increased (Santa). The growing commercialization of health care has ethical implications and has become a matter of heated controversy (Santa). It’s becoming more difficult despite all the laws and regulations to protect patient’s privacy and confidentiality. An ethical implication that for-profits face is physicians receiving incentives for keeping cost down to increase profits. Some for-profits will encourage doctors to promote profit producing drugs, surgeries, tests and treatments. (Santa). Some of these same physicians may own the facility they operate which creates a huge conflict. On the other hand, financial incentives can cause physicians to delay important tests and treatments or to not perform them at all. In some cases patients are being discharged from hospitals before they are ready to go home (Orentlicher). On an ethical standpoint, the patient’s well being is put in jeopardy and the...
Today’s society protects against discrimination through laws, which have been passed to protect minorities. The persons in a minority can be defined as “a group having little power or representation relative to other groups within a society” (The Free Dictionary). It is not ethical for any person to discriminate based on race or ethnicity in a medical situation, whether it takes place in the private settings of someone’s home or in a public hospital. Racial discrimination, in a medical setting, is not ethical on the grounds of legal statues, moral teachings, and social standings.
Studies have shown that non-compliance causes 125,000 deaths annually in the US, leads to 10 to 25 percent of hospital and nursing home admissions, and is becoming an international epidemic (Smith, 1989). The healthcare field is very familiar with attempting to deliver ethically and medically appropriate care to patients who are either actively or passively interfering with or refusing to cooperate with their treatments or plans of care (NET, 2001). By dealing with these patients healthcare professionals are having to deal with high demands of services and the patients will only seek services on their own terms. In 2010, a new Patient Bill of Rights was created along with the Affordable Care Act, this bill was designed to give new patient protections in dealing with insurance companies, and just recently did all the protections come into full effect (ACA, 2014). The cost of noncompliance not only has medical and ethical concerns but also financial. 10% of hospital admissions due to noncompliance can cost up to $15.2 billion for 3.5 million patients (Smith, 1989).
The fourth ethical inquiry involves clinical fellowship mentoring and student supervision, which results in the mentors lacking the supervision of students or failing to provide a model of ethical performance. The fifth ethical inquiry includes client abandonment, which involves the clinician leaving an employer without making arrangements for the client to receive adequate care. The sixth ethical inquiry, reimbursement for services, involves complaints to ASHA about misrepresentation of information, intent, and fraud. The seventh ethical inquiry involves business competition, in which the private practice should compete for the business of clients; however, the business should not be negative toward other private practice settings and always keep the welfare of the patients their top priority. The eighth ethical inquiry, impaired practitioners, includes addressing undiagnosed or untreated mental health issues including substance abuse. The final ethical inquiry is affirmative disclosures, which involves background checks for criminal activity and information regarding the history of the clinician when applying for certification, recertification, and
Creation of processes used to resolve potential billing disputes among doctors, patients, and hospitals (FL HB221, TX SB481)
Nurses, physicians, and pharmacists are held legally responsible for safe and therapeutically effective drug administration no matter who actually prescribed it. All members of a health team may be held liable for a single injury to a client. Nursing organizations have adapted similar codes of ethics that can serve as guides for the development of one's own code. The client's rights as defined by these codes of ethics are to promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and alleviate suffering (White, Duncan, & Baumle, 2011, p. 516). For example, a patient has every right to know necessary information about a drug he or she is receiving and to refuse to take it after having been given an explanation, no matter
Pg 6). This provision influences my practice every day. I always provide nursing care to my patients regardless of financial ability to pay for the care provided, religious belief, sexual preferences, having communicable diseases or from different backgrounds. For example, at the hospital where I work I have had several clients that they did not had the financial resources to pay for the care, but I knew that I have an ethical responsibility to provide nursing care to these patients regardless of their ability to pay for the
The Physician Self-Referral Law (Stark Law) bans providers from sending patients to another entity in which the physician or immediate family receives monetary gain. If found in violation of this law, providers are subject to fines, providing repayment of services paid for and possible elimination from all Federal healthcare programs. The Criminal Health Care Fraud Statute bars defrauding any benefit healthcare programs or receiving monetary gain by any health care benefit plan knowingly. Violators could be subject to fines and/or imprisonment (Medicare Learning Network,
Workplace management is constantly gaining a considerable amount of interest among researchers and practitioners especially with the current awareness of workplace policies. In the current business world setting, employers are trying to catch employees’ attention by claiming to be driven by the “equal opportunity” slogan which implies that once a person becomes an employee in that organization, they will be treated without harassment or discrimination regardless of religion, race, age, sex, race or nationality (Deery, Walsh & Guest, 2011). Any work place that is free from discrimination and harassment is not only important for better performance of the business but it is also part of the law. According to the federal and state
Another large debate in the issues and impacts of obesity is the responsibility of employer’s. Especially for those whose obesity comes from a sedentary lifestyle. Or perhaps need the preventative measures of keeping obesity at bay. A hot topic on the rise is whether or not employers should be mandated to give employees a work-out period in their schedule. The employers could offer employee’s incentives for utilizing resources (a company gym, discounted memberships, and dietician, walking a company track) and by using the resources keep costs low. Though initially it could be costly to take on the responsibility to offer extra incentives to employee’s it could offer long term potential savings. (Villareal, Apovian, Kushner, and Klein 2005) Those whose companies offer various programs and actively engage in them express more happiness, productivity, a greater quality of life, and overall better health. Better health allows for employee’s to serve their employers better. They use less sick pay, keep insurance premiums low, and are more likely to be in tune with their daily job. So while the initial cost may be high, the long term financial gain of a happy, healthy, productive team is hard not to invest in!
An employee relation refers to the efforts of the employer to manage relationships with the employees. Organisations with successful employee relations provide fair and consistent treatment of all employees encouraging loyalty and commitment to the organisation. Programs within employee relations focus on pay benefits, work-life balance, and safe working conditions. Healthy employer relations result in preventing and resolving workplace conflicts. Typically, employee relations are a deliberate action by Human Resource Managers to ensure the most effective use of people to accomplish the company 's overall goal. An effective employee relations strategy is to adopt the employee 's as stakeholders within the business. Stakeholders are people who are committed, financially or otherwise, to a company and are affected by its success or failure. This gives the employees themselves more value
Ethics in the workplace is a very important thing to have. Without a sense of ethicality in the workplace there are many things that could go wrong. You could even end up losing a job because of a lack of ethics, or other consequences could be felt due to a lack of caring or morality. The workplace is a place that you should show respect and dignity, and a deeper sense of ethics is very important in order to uphold these senses of morality. Workplace ethics, which include such things as behavior, integrity, commitment, teamwork, and other things, are important, if not required, in most workplaces and can help to improve performance and morale for workers and employers.