The term ‘investment’ refers to ceramic materials used to build hollow shells where the molten metal is to be poured to make a casting. The process was given the name ‘investment’ because of the solid mould process that involves a plaster type material that is poured or ‘invested’ into a container that holds small plastic patterns which happens to be a replica of the casting being produced. After the plaster type material sets, the pattern will be burnt out leaving a hollow cavity where the metal will be poured. The process is also called ‘lost wax casting’ which is a name that comes from the wax lost during the formation of the cavity. Both names are correct but lost wax casting is the older traditional name for the process and investment casting is the new version name of the process.
Investment casting technique is amongst the most ancient of processes and it also amongst the most modern. The discovery that metals could be cast to shape in moulds and melted was one of the most important achievements towards civilization made by man. Investment casting dates back to thousands of years. Its earliest known use was for statues, idols, jewellery and ornaments. Natural wax was used to make the patterns and clay was used to make the mould. Bronze and precious metal objects have been produced by this type of method for at least 6000years. The most famous Investment Casting during the Renaissance Period was of the ‘four doors’ in the church of San Giovanni, Italy. The doors were made by Lorenzo Ghiberti in the year 1380, the panels were bronze casted and it took 48years to finish it and some other famous examples of Investment casting can be dated back to 2000 B.C from the Pakistan’s Harappa Civilization and Egypt’s tombs (1333-1324B....
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...of slurry to dry in between. This will then be dried and a dipping process will be repeated until a certain thickness has been achieved. The entire pattern will then be placed in an oven and the wax melted leaving a hollow cavity within the mould which matches exactly the shape of the assembly. Before casting the ‘skin’ or shells will be fired in an oven, where the heat will burn out any remaining wax and prepare the mould for the molten metal. The metal will be poured a shell through a funnel-shaped cup and flows down the Sprue channel and pass the gates into the part cavities. Once the metal cools the gates, Sprue and parts will become one solid casting. When the casting has cooled the shell will be broken off. After a few finishing operations, the castings which are exact replicas to the wax patterns are ready for shipment to the customer and for certification.
La Pietà of Giovanni Della Robbia is amazing religious glazed and painted terracotta dated 1510-1520. It was mainly intended to introduce the meaning of the Bible story to large and mainly illiterate audiences. One of the things that this image can tell us about life in western civilization is how much the artists were focused on translating the bible and trying to understand it without the help of the Catholic Church through art and humanism. La Pietà is one of the richest and best known collections of Della Robbia sculptures at the springtime of the renaissance. The creator of the sculpture is Giovanni Della Robbia; the first and epic of a dynasty of important pottery artists, decorators, potters, and terracotta workers. Della Robbia developed a unique pottery glaze that made his creations much more durable in the outdoors and therefore much suitable for use on the exterior of buildings. This was an extraordinarily formal and refined technique that immediately met with great success, so much so that the Della Robbia family’s work flourished for over one hundred years. It uniquely combines archaeometric and stylistic time-related information about the renaissance age in Western Civilization. In its context, La Pietà was created in the 15th century, the renaissance age , when there was a surge in artistic, literary, and scientific activity , especially in Florence, the third largest city in Europe, an independent republic where the Italian Renaissance began, and a banking and commercial capital after London and Constantinople. The renaissance era when this sculptured was created was also marked by few major events such as: religious problems in church, Erasmus publishing Greek edition of the New Treatment ...
The Shang Dynasty invented and, over the years, perfected the technique of casting a bronze vessel from a clay mold assembly, which this wine vessel has also been made from using those techniques (Cantor). This mold was formed around a model of the vessel and was then cut into sections that were carved or impressed in the desired design, in this case the braided or grid design, on the inner or outer surfaces. The decorated clay piece-mold was then fired and reassembled around a clay core. Small bronze spacers were used to hold the piece-mold and the clay core apart. Then, molten bronze was poured into the mold. Using this piece-mold casting technique helped the bronze worker to achieve greater sharpness and definition in any intricate design
The play Twelfth Night, or What You Will by William Shakespeare is a 1601 comedy that has proven to be the source of experimentation in gender casting in the early twenty-first century due to its portrayal of gender in love and identity. The play centrally revolves around the love triangle between Orsino, Olivia, and Viola. However, Olivia and Orsino both believe Viola is a boy named Cesario. Ironically, only male actors were on the stage in Shakespeare’s time. This means that Olivia, Viola, and other female characters were played by young boys who still had voices at higher pitches than older males.
This new form was called hydraulic die-forming. Hydraulic stems from the Greek word hydro meaning water and aulos meaning tube (McCreight, 2004). In today’s society, hydraulic pressing and stamping of dies are used for everything from making small pots and pans to the more extravagant automobile body models. Another use that has recently developed is the more artistic use of, producing form in silver and gold. In order to achieve this smaller, cheaper scale of die-forming experiment were conducted by Richard Thomas and Ruth Girard, which eventually led to the development of the pourable epoxy steel...
2. By writing The Book of the Courtier, Castiglione developed the image of the perfect aristocrat. Courtier served as a basic handbook of how nobles should behave around officials. His ideal aristocrat was from noble descent and had good character, grace, and various talents. They needed to accumulate accomplishments such as military skill as well as achievements in the arts. Lastly, nobles were expected to abide to a code of conduct: make good impressions, have poise, and display their accomplishments while still maintaining modesty.
A wide variety of coating alloys and wrought alloys can be prepared that give the metal greater strength, castability, or resistance to corrosion or high temperatures. Some new alloys can be used as armor plate for tanks, personnel carriers, and other military vehicles.
Bronzes are made by making two molds (one larger than the other), pouring melted bronze in...
However, the artefacts brought to England from Benin in 1897 were an anomaly. The craftsmanship and sophistication were such that some were reminiscent of the beautiful figures in the Hofkiche, Innsbruck 1502-1563 (plate 3.1.12. Visited...
-Developed and implemented strip casting overseas to eliminate a step in the steel making process
Watching a skilled ceramics artist shape a creation on the wheel is a thrilling experience. Under her or his hands, a spinning blob of mud grows into a work of art. It's not unusual, after witnessing such a display of virtuosity, for the audience to realize that the ware on their own kitchen shelves pales by comparison. So it's logical to ask: Is every thrown piece made the same way? By hand? Even the cheap stuff at home? Of course the answer is: No. Production ceramic ware comes from highly automated assembly lines.
...e, a new generation of sculptors who excelled in the treatment of marble surfaces had rose in Florence. With the change in Florentine taste, all of Donatello’s important requests came from outside Florence. They included the bronze group “Judith and Holofernes” which is now standing before the Palazzo Vecchio and a bronze statue of St. John the Baptist for Siena cathedral, also undertook the work of the pair of bronze doors in the late 1450’s. This project, which might have rivalled Ghiberti’s doors for the Florentine baptistery, was abandoned about 1460 for unknown reasons.
The bell was cast using a mixture of 80% copper and 20% tin with the addition of one
The glass blowing technique is an example. (Debate - Science, Architecture, and Technology) Glassmakers would melt glass, allow it to harden and cool in the origination tank. Then the glass pieces would be broken into chunks, and shipped to glassworkers. Glass workers would remelt the chunks at a lower temperature and create glass objects. Today, this technique has been modified, instead made by heating the glass to extreme temperatures and then blowing into them threw the other end of a rod, and coming out as beautiful creations. (Corning Museum of Glass 1) This is still used to create different kinds of bottles, vases, and many other types
To make the steel stronger and reduce the ductile – brittleness transition temperature composition of the steel should Reduce the amount of sag ( a by-product of smelting) by 2-3%
The evolution of theatre conventions began with highly presentational Greek productions and changed through the Medieval and Elizabethan ages to the current conventions. Greek conventions included performances done on a mostly bare stage, the use of internal stage directions to indicate location, episodic play structure, and a chorus that served multiple functions including setting the overall mood, commenting on or explaining the action, and creating reflection intervals. Other conventions included an all-male cast, the “Three Actor Rule,” the presence of a tragic hero, and the plays typically served the purpose of teaching the public or making a political statement. Many of these conventions evolved to adapt to the time period of the performances.