BIODEGRADABLE LUBRICANTS
Dr. Dagmar Schmidt Etkin, President of Environmental Research Consulting, published his studies regarding Stern tube oil discharge in 2010. He estimated that about 4.6 million to 28.6 million litres of stern tube oil is discharged to the port waters each year. An average vessel leaks about 6 litres of lubricant per day. In such a dreadful condition biodegradable lubricants are really advantageous in the lubrication field as it is environmental friendly and having good lubricating properties. Bio lubricants can be used in priority in places of high environmental risk. They are rapidly bio-degradable and non-toxic to human beings and other organisms.
Bio degradable oils can be:-
• Vegetable oil based
Include corn, soya bean, rapeseed, sunflower, peanut, olive oil and others. They are triglyceride molecular structures that possess good lubrication properties due to their polar nature, provide metal wetting attraction, keeps dirt and debris out of metal surface by acting as solvent, molecular structure provides high natural viscosity. But on the other hand there are few performance limitations like poor oxidation, thermal and hydrolytic stability. For example, they can’t with stand the storage temperatures more than 800C or 1760F. But by genetic modifications, we can overcome thermal and oxidation problems (Which received successful results on soya bean and canola oil).
• Synthetic oils manufactured from modified renewal oils from mineral based products.
Include polyalphaolefins(PAOs), Diesters, Polyalkylene Glycols(PAGs) etc.
Working: when water ingression occurs in stern tube some kind of bio-lubricants can absorb any sea or fresh water entering the tube and form a stable emulsion thereby reduci...
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... recommended to use with elastomer lip stern seals.
3) MOBIL STERN TUBE LUBRICANT
It provides effective and low cost lubrication of stern tube bearings. It is highly recommended in Cedevall type of stern tube bearings where high viscocity and readily emulsifying oil is of high importance. It is also used in fin tilting bearings as well as the crux trunnion bearings.
PROPERTIES POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES & BENEFITS
Selected viscometrics. Effective lubrication of stern tube components.
Good emulsification properties. Immediate emulsification action in the presence of sea water for effective lubrication.
Excellent rust and corrosion properties. Protects critical bearing surfaces exposed to water.
Multi use capability. Reduces the number of lubricants on board.
Good viscocity retention in severe applications. Effective leakage control and reduced oil consumption.
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Biological waxes are esters of long-chain (C14 to C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain (C16 to C30) alcohols. Their melting points (60 to 100 _C) are generally higher than those of triacylglycerols.In plankton, the free-floating microorganism sat the bottom of the food chain for marine animals, and waxes are the chief storage form of metabolic fuel. Waxes also serve a diversity of other functions related to their water-repellent properties and their firm consistency. Certain skin glands of vertebrates secrete waxes to protect hair and skin and keep it pliable, lubricated, and waterproof. Birds, particularly waterfowl, secrete waxes from their preen glands to keep their feathers water-repellent. The shiny leaves of holly, rhododendrons, poison ivy, and many tropical plants are coated with a thick layer of waxes, which prevents excessive evaporation of water and protects against parasites. Biological waxes find a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. Lanolin (from lamb’s wool), beeswax carnauba wax (from a Brazilian palm tree), and wax extracted from spermaceti oil (from whales ;)
Fig. 2(A) shows the phase diagrams of IPM, water, and surfactant mixtures at the ratios of 60:40, 65:35, and 70:30 (v/v), respectively. Fig. 2(B) shows the phase diagrams of ethyl oleate, water, and surfactant mixtures at ratios of 90:10, 95:5 and 100:0, respectively. Filled circles mean self-emulsifying points, and black areas represent the self-emulsifying regions. In other area, the compositions showed inverted emulsion, gel-like form, or phase-separation. In general, when the oil content in the oil and surfactant mixtures is ≤30%, the condition of the mixtures changed from water-in-oil emulsion to a clear gel-like form and then to microemulsion. Otherwise, the dispersions showed phase separation, this result was similar to the results previously studied by Guo et al. [16]. Our finding showed that IPM + surfactant mixture (65:35, v/v) and ethyl oleate + surfactant mixture (90:10, v/v) showed the most self-emulsifying regions (Fig. 2). Overall, in contrast to IPM + surfactant mixture (65:35, v/v), ethyl oleate + surfactant mixture (90:10, v/v) showed finer emulsion in larger self-emulsifying range. These results indicate that ethyl oleate and Tween 80:Carbitol (90:10, v/v) were identified as the optimal oil
The olefins are also important for petrochemical industries due to their use as main building blocks for many for industrial and domestic applications.
Oil provides us with many necessities in our lives. Cosmetics, medicines, cleaning products, asphalt, food, plastic, and most importantly, petroleum. But of course, nothing comes without a price. The oil that makes our lives so much more convenient, is also ironically gradually killing the environment, this very Earth that we live in. One of the biggest environmental concerns come from oil spills. Oil spill is defined as “ the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.” Let’s look at some examples of these oil spills.
Because of its ability to break down self-associative tendency of water , it may also reduce the number of water molecules entrapped between the polymeric chains, increasing the degree of postoperative polymerization In addition to post-curing increase in bond strength, the relative decrease in free water would eliminate or decrease the hydrolytic degradation of adhesive in or above the hybrid layer
Crude oil has may different forms that are found in different parts of the world.1)very light Crude which is used to make gasoline, Jet fuel and Kerosine this oil is highly volatile and can evaporate in a matter of days.2) Light crude which is also used for gasoline and other fuels including diesel oil. These oils are not as volatile but care moderately toxic and evaporate less quickly.3)Medium oils, which accounts for most of the cru...
The equipment they are using was not originally designed for the lower viscosity of Greasex.
...nerated and replaced by fat. Recently, specific compounds in the oil have been identified, they produce regeneration that is even more amazing than that produced by the oil itself. (Gerras, 1056)
There are many causes to petroleum in b the oceanic environment. Oil naturally seeps into the ocean but the natural concentrations have been greatly exceeded. Shipping oil from one place to another contributes the most to oil in the ocean. The crude oil from transportation b is discarded into the ocean while cleaning bilges, which are the lowest compartment in ships, and transferring oil from tank to tank at sea. “Disasters like shipwrecks, oil tanker accidents, and offshore oil rigs fires continue to this problem, as does the disposal of urban garbage into oceans, dumping of waste oil by passing ships, commercial coastal and off-shore entertainment, and deep-sea industrial and nuclear waste dumps”(“Marine Water Quality”). Another large polluter is the oil industry. Tanker ports and refineries are located by the coast for shipping purposes. The coastal areas receive considerable damage from the spills. “Large numbers of seabirds are killed annually, their oil-matted plumage making flight impossible and exposing them to hypothermia. Oil-soaked fur of marine mammals loses its water repellency, also leading to death by hypothermia. Ingestion of oil by fishes, birds, and mammals may also result in death”(“Marine Pollution”). Another source of petroleum pollution is from the city streets. Oil runoff from urban streets and sewers enter waterways and the ocean. Oil has a very long term ecological impact on the ocean and the marine ecosystems. “The presence of oil in marine waters severely degrades water quality by clogging an animal’s feeding - structure, killing larvae, and blocking available sunlight for photosynthesis”(“Marine Water Quality”). Petroleum pollution has been a large problem for a very long period of time. “As early as 197p, oceanographic ecologists noted that they could rarely pull a net through the surface of the ocean without collecting some form of tar or
National Research Council. 1989. Using oil pollution dispersants on the sea. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Now a day, lubricants containing nanoparticles are widely used in lubricating journal bearing due to their improved Tribological properties. It has been found that adding nanoparticles to the oil leads to increase the oil viscosity and hence the load carrying capacity of the bearing. Hence these types of lubricants can be used as a wear correction and a temporary treatment for the bearings suffer from wear to extend their life. In the present work, the performance of worn journal bearing has been extensively discussed when it is lubricated with oil containing TiO2 nanoparticles added to the base oil with different particle concentrations by weight. A little work related to the using of nanolubricant as a bearing wear corrector or a temporary treatment to extend the worn journal bearing life is the motivation behind the present work. Thermal performance of the worn bearing has been always compared with that of intact bearing. For this purpose, the worn journal bearing has been numerically simulated using the modified Reynolds equation to include the effect of induced oil film temperature on the oil viscosity and the energy
• Phosphates are used as part of toothpaste formulas because they help the product to leave the teeth looking white and feeling clean.
Hydrogels are defined as networks made up of polymer chains which are hydrophilic. They are in some cases found as a solid dispersed in a liquid. where water acts as the medium dispersed. Hydrogels are natural, highly porous or artificial polymeric networks. The hydrophilic structure allows hydrogels to hold the significant amount of water within their three-dimension structural systems. The extensive employment of hydrogel products in some environmental and industrial areas of applications are very high importance. As time passed, natural hydrogels were replaced with artificial ones. This was due to their long service life, the wide variety of the raw chemical resources, high capacity of water absorption, and their stability. Artificial polymers have structures that are well defined and can be modified to produce tailor powerful functionality and degradability. The artificial of hydrogels can also occur from purely artificial components. The artificial hydrogels are stable in conditions of high and sharp temperature fluctuations. Recent research describes hydrogels as a two- or multi-component systems that are made of three-dimensional
,n.d. web. 21 May 2014 Petroleum engineering. Encyclopedia Britannica. N.P., n.d. Web.
The oil refinery converts crude oil into valuable products and supplies. These products are made and sent to many countries abroad, in which are transported on land or along rivers and canals. Crude oil is then arranged and categorized into segments by fractional distillation. Raw crude oil, or unprocessed crude oil, is not normally beneficial in most industrial applications. Low sulfur crude oil has been valuable as a burner fuel to construct steam for the force of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements have the ability to construct explosive and dangerous vapors in the gas tanks. There are extremely hazardous, and are often used in war ships. The remaining hydrocarbon molecules are filtered from crude oil and used towards lubricants, feedstock, plastics, and fuels.