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Throughout history, the oppression of minorities by the dominant race has been a prevalent theme no matter what race is in the majority. Currently, in American society, whites are the dominant and most privileged race and this reflects within American news media. American society has established a concept of, “whiteness, as an institutionalized and systemic problem, [which] is maintained and produced not be overt rhetorics of whiteness, but rather, by its ‘everydayness” (Chandrashekar 17). In addition, “whites participate in, and derive protection from, a system whose rules and organizational relations work to their advantage” (Chandrashekar 17). American society relies heavily on the use of specific frameworks to maintain this idea that being
Folk theory is “an explanatory framework adopted by a society to provide everyday understandings of the world” (Hodges 403). Specific to crimes committed by a certain race and the reporting of said crime, folk theory supports the idea that the media and the society viewing the media uses the process of erasure to create bias (Hodges 403). Erasure is an ideological process that makes contradictory proof invisible through forgetting, ignoring, denying, or eliminating the distinctions or facts that don’t fit into the picture. In addition to the concept of erasure, folk theory maintains that there are a set of ingrained understandings about how race and racism play a role in society (Hodges 404). In essence, all discourses or reports that discuss race reaffirm race and racism’s role in society. Folk theory identifies racial differences as differences in features of biology and “it takes discrimination based on such differences to be natural and [an] inevitable aspect of the human condition” (Hodges 405). However, most theories who use folk theory make sure to establish that this, “does not justify racism … But it does provide the theory’s overriding explanation for why it exists: there will always be bigoted individuals who hate others because of their race, causing them to discriminate” (Hodges 405). Folk theory
Web. 11 Apr. 2016.
Chandrashekar, Santhosh. “Race and Violence: A Comparative Study of the Coverage of Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois Shootings by The New York Times.” Conference Papers—National Communication Association (2009): 1. Communications & Mass Media Complete. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.
Dorfman, Lori, and Vincent Schiraldi. “Off Balance: Youth, Race & Crime in the News. Building Blocks for Youth.” Berkeley Media Studies Group (2001). Google Scholar.
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Hodges, Adam. “Ideologies of Language and Race in US Media Discourse about the Trayvon
Martin Shooting.” Language in Society 44.3 (2015): 401-423. Communication & Mass
Media Complete. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.
Holody, Kyle J., Sung-Yeon Park, and Xiaoqun Zhang. “Racialization of the Virginia Tech
Shootings.” Journalism Studies 14.4 (2013): 568-583. Communication & Mass Media
Complete. Web. 11 Apr. 2016.
McCann, Bryan J. “On Whose Ground? Racialized Violence and the Prerogative of ‘Self-
Defense’ in the Trayvon Martin Case.” Western Journal of Communication 78.4 (2014):
480-499. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.
Monahan, Jennifer, Sonja Brown Givens, and Irene Shtrulis. “Priming and Stereotyping:
“White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools and blank checks” (McIntosh, 172). White privilege is all around us, but society has been carefully taught
This power keeps the behavior of the oppressed well within the set guidelines of the oppressor (Freire, 2000, pg. 47). Critical Race Theory outlines this system of oppression as it relates to white and non-white races. By using the critical race theory coupled with the system of oppression described by Freire (2000), I propose that within the system of oppression, the oppressor must keep its own members in line with the prescribed guidelines by reinforcing the social norms from birth. Freire (2000) suggest that the interest of the oppressors lie in “changing the consciousness of the oppressed not the system” (pg.34). Identifying as white, therefore, starts at birth when members of the white class work to reinforce social norms that began with our founding fathers at Plymouth Rock. This long history of white privilege was taught to me and I continue to teach it to my children. As an educator of white affluent high school students, I believe we provide college and career counseling based on this white privilege system of oppression as well. Here, I journey even closer to unraveling the myth of white privilege as I encounter the intersection of an affluent white student choosing a career after high
Temporary inequality exists as a means of “improving” a subordinate to the level of a dominant. After the period of inequality is over, the two view each other as equals. The other form of inequality, permanent inequality, exists solely because of an ascription of inferiority to a subordinate that is inherent and unchangeable. Unlike temporary inequality, there is no possibility of improvement for the subordinate; they are, in the eyes of the dominant, inferior and impossible to “fix.” The dominants, who view themselves naturally superior to the subordinates, begin to take advantage of the subordinates. “Out of the total range of human possibilities, the activities most highly valued in any particular culture will tend to be enclosed within the domain of the dominant group; less valued functions are relegated to the subordinates” (Rothenberg, 112). Moreover, the subordinates, who by this point are under the total control of the dominant group, may begin to internalize the value of the dominants. “[Subordinates’] incapacities are ascribed to innate defects or deficiencies of mind or body…More importantly, subordinates themselves can come to find it difficult to believe in their own ability” (112). This theory of domination and subordination are clearly mirrored in race relations in the United States. Whites, who are the dominant group, make all of the fallacious errors involved in race-based thinking; they are prone to, like Miller describes, hoarding superior roles in society and practicing systematic cruelty towards the subordinates due to their sincere belief that the subordinates are inherently incapable of rising to the level of the dominant. This internalized belief on the part of the dominants, that the subordinates
McIntosh, Peggy. "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack," in Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, ed. Paula S. Rothenberg. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
Today there are many controversial subjects discussed throughout the media. One of the most discussed is race and the Black Lives Matter movement. Recently, I came across an article titled “The Truth of ‘Black Lives Matter’”, written by The Editorial Board. The article was published on September 3, 2015, to the New York Times. In the article, The Editorial Board writes about what they believe African Americans are facing as challenges in society today, including the all-too-common police killings of unarmed African-Americans across the country. The Editorial Board is right that some African Americans have been treated unfairly, but all ethnicities have been. Life is a precious thing that comprises all ethnicities. This brings us to ask; why
Many people in the United States society believe that people of all cultures, races, and ethnicities are now on an even playing field. People with this belief support their logic with the argument that since equal rights for people of color and women have been required by law for some time now, we are all inherently as equal as claimed in the Declaration of Independence. Many believe that race is no longer an issue, a viewpoint frequently referred to as color-blindness. National polling data indicated that a majority of whites now believe discrimination against racial minorities no longer exists. (Gallagher, 96) Color-blindness allows a white person to define himself or herself as politically and racially tolerant and then proclaim their adherence to a belief system that does not see or judge individuals by the “color of their skin.” (Gallagher, 98) Many Caucasians in particular are of the opinion that because they listen to hip-hop or cheer for their favorite black, professional sports player that they are not racist. Still others believe that because they have a black president, we see black people in the commercial of products we consume, or enjoy television shows with black people that they are actually acknowledging race. In order to examine and dismantle this series of misconceptions, we will turn to the work of various scholars of social justice and privilege, including Peggy McIntosh, Patricia Hinchey and Johnathon Kozol as well as the story of Patricia J Williams. Through a careful examination of these works with the support of some key statistics, it is the goal of this paper to demonstrate the existence of a privileged and unprivileged America, despite the color-blindness many may profess to have integrated into their p...
White privilege is institutionalized when the practices and policies of an institution systematically benefit whites at the expense of other racial groups. Peggy McIntosh published an article entitled “White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack”, which names in very clear ways, how everyday, having white skin confers privileges that white people don’t often realize they receive. By illuminating the many forms that white privilege takes, Peggy McIntosh urges readers to exercise a sociological imagination. She asks us to consider how our individual life experiences are connected to and situated within large-scale patterns and trends in society. She includes a “white privileges” checklist which include answering yes or no to statements. For example, can Chad Aiken confidently say “I can be pulled over by a police cruiser and not have to worry about it being about my race”, or “I can be pretty sure that if I ask to talk to the “person in charge”, I will be facing a person of my race”. White people are generally free from this systemic bias, suspicion and low expectations that racialized people must endure everyday because it is built into our culture. When a criminal has white skin, his actions are never connected to his race, while a criminal perceived as a brown-skinned Muslim might inspire hatred and suspicion of other
The belief that white privilege never existed or that it is no longer a problem is skewed by the selective use facts to support this claim. How do we address this problem? We must define the what is is to be privileged, acknowledge the problem and identify a means to fix it.
Tim Wise’s book White Like Me provides a picture of what it is like to be white in America. A main topic covered in White Like Me is white privilege. On pages 24 and 25 Wise illustrates what white privilege is and shares his opinion regarding how to address white privilege in society today. Wise’s plan for addressing white privilege is one not of guilt, but of responsibility, a difference Wise highlights. The concept of feeling guilty for white privilege lacks reason because white privilege is something built up through generations and its existence is not of any one person’s fault.
The election just happened and there were a lot of emotions in the air, whether it was on campus, the airport, or back home. My mother informed me of who she voted for almost immediately after I walked into the door--Trump. Shocked, but not surprised, I asked what incited her to vote for him. My mother is a part of the white blue-collar working class that is often called racist and ignored by the public. Whether or not the name-calling is warranted, my mother feels ostracized. She questions why affirmative action is in place, giving jobs to minorities, where white people are unemployed and barely scraping by. Rather, she fails to see how being ignored gives her the power to succeed in modern-day America. Brekhus (2015) details a study done by Nancy DiTomaso (2013), where racial inequality compels hiring processes. Although minorities are discriminated against often, the deliberate issue is how white people are discriminated for. Part of the hiring process is social networking--who you know--and a critical component is homogeneity. Since managerial positions are dominated by white people, and white people monopolize other white people 's social networks, a never-ending cycle is created. The cycle’s consequence is that it “reproduc[es] racial bias in hiring practices” and we fail to focus on “situations where whites habitually, but unintentionally, favor members of their own
When individuals first encounter one another, the first thing noticed is not their intellect or poise, but it is the color of person’s skin that is seen first. At that point, assumptions are made based upon their race and ethnicity, which ultimately guides interaction. The stereotypes of blacks have not diminished, but have significantly heightened by the media depicting black individuals as obnoxious and ignorant. Many people may argue that affirmative action is no longer needed because African Americans are now on a leveled playing field; however, if women are only worth seventy-seven cents to a dollar, what makes individuals think that blacks, who were once considered three-fifths of a person, are treated any better? Regardless of socioeconomic
In his article, The Superiority Complex, Mehta focuses his analysis on Amy Chua and Jed Rubenfeld’s book, The triple package: How three unlikely traits explain the rise and fall of cultural groups in America. Suketu Mehta is the author of Maximum City: Bombay lost and found and a teacher at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism institute at New York University. Mehta compares this book to several others books written in previous years like Passing of the Great Race by Madison (1916) and The Clash of Civilizations by Samuel Huntington (2004) and points out the similarity in which it portrays racism but it has been veiled with terms like culture, ethnicity and religion. Mehta discusses the various stages of racism in America; how it has evolved with time becoming a norm and an accepted way of life. Chua and Rubenfeld try to justify their book as non-racial by arguing that it is about ethnicity and even going further by giving the Nigerians and Liberians-Africans as examples of minority excellence but Mehta is quick to discredit them because of their failure to acknowledge that Africans are a...
This brings attention to why race and ethnicity exist so predominantly in society. There are a number of theories that observe why racism, prejudice, and discri...
Mass Media. Ed. William Dudley. Farmington Hills, MI: Thompson Gale, 2005. 121-130.