In plants, a large portion of disease resistance (R) genes code for leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) proteins which have amino-terminals and sites for nucleotides to bind (Falk et al. 1999). In Arabidopsis thaliana, a small flowering plant native to Europe and Asia, the functioning of these R genes is the result of having the Enhanced Gene Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) gene. Without a fully functioning EDS1 gene, the plant is more susceptible to Arabidopsis plant pathogens, such as fungal and bacterial pathogens, and autoimmune diseases (Falk et al. 1999). Therefore, it is critical that the EDS1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana is present and does not have any mutations that could reduce its effectiveness in resisting pathogens (Østergaard and Yanofsky 2004). …show more content…
1999). Fungal pathogens that have been discovered in Arabidopsis plants, such as Rhizopus niveus, are made of several different types of lipases, including triacylglycerol lipases (Falk et al. 1999). Therefore, when an Arabidopsis plant encounters these fungal enzymes, the contained lipids are hydrolyzed by the EDS1 proteins and the fungal pathogen is
One of the main questions addressed is; why do plants choose rhizobia with nitrogen fixing strains (as nitrogen is metabolically costly) over plants with non-fixing strains that can also lead to nodulated plant (Gubry-Rangin et al, 2010). It should be noted that strains with different fixing levels have been reported in populations of rhizobia and when picking a rhizobium a plant must take into consideration its symbiotic efficacy, as rhizobia cannot be vertically transmitted.
The basis for the symbiotic relationship in these species is complex. The infection of the host cell by rhizobia occurs within the plant’s root nodules. Bacteroides, gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, are isolated from the host cell by a peribacteroid membrane; the membrane between the plasma membrane of the cell and the membrane of the bacteroid. The bacteroid contains differentiated rhizobia, which are able to fix nitrogen due to the supply of carbon from the host plant. Sucrose is delivered to the nodules of the root via the phloem, where it is cleaved by suc synthase, and enters the Krebs cycle. The product of glyco...
...cardi, Lewellen et al. 2002). This resistance was recognized as monogenic and dominant as hybrids produced segregated in a pattern typical of a single dominant gene, Rz1. (Rz2) was identified in a sea beet population coded WB42 (Scholten and Lange 2000).
Chemotaxis plays a role in the establishment of both deleterious and beneficial plant-microbe associations, and experiments with mutants defective in the general chemotaxis gene cheA have revealed that in the absence of percolating water, chemotaxis is crucial for competitive colonization of tomato roots by P. fluorescens WCS365 (Dekkers et al. 1998a; Lugtenberg et al. 2001). In P. fluorescens rpoN mutant has reduced ability to colonize plant due to defect in numerous attributes including flagella and for absorption of wide range of nutrient sources including sugars, organic acid, inorganic nitrogen, stress tolerance and protein secretion for which RpoN is mandatory. RpoN-regulated genes contribute to acid tolerance and resistance to some antibiotics, including tetracyclines and aminoglycosides indicated by chemosensitivity assays (Jones et al.
Marsh, Beezy (2003 December). Mother loses designer baby planned to save her son. Retrieved March 13, 2004, from https://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/document?_m=8f14991eb35bb87abff7d11a7daf2b98 &_docunum=3&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkVb&_md5=623f346923e2f9b4d3d84c4afa17e5cd
Lewers, K. S., Saski, C. A., Cuthbertson, B. J., Henry, D. C., Staton, M. E., … Tomkins, J. P. (2008). A blackberry (Rubus L.) expressed sequence tag library for the development of simple sequence repeat markers. BMC Plant Biology, 8(69). Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/8/69.
When it comes to the topic of genetic modification some of us will readily agree that humanity would be better off without it. Where as some are convinced that genetic modification may be the best way to go for the next generation, others maintain that it will cause conflict and separation between societies. Some of us can agree that even though scientists say genetic modification is to break the cycle of cancer and other inherited diseases, I say that along with the process comes the option of changing other features in your unborn child. Genetic modification should not occur because even though some consider it a good thing there are still a lot of negative things that come from this like cell imbalance.
Schumann, Gail L., and Cleora J. D'Arcy. Hungry Planet: Stories of Plant Diseases. St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society, 2012. Print.
Tim was diagnosed with a rare and deadly disease this morning. He is only five years old with the rest of his life ahead of him. It isn't his fault that he received this disease or even his parents'. This disease comes out in anyone's body that has a defected gene. The disease has made Tim live in a sanitized bubble the last year because of the fear that he might catch any common bug and die. He has severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID. The disease lacks a gene in charge of the body's immune system called adenosine deaminase. Tim could be helped through a process called gene therapy, but he won't because there is too much debate on the ethnicity of gene therapy; too much even to save his life.
Every year, the rate of mortality increasing because most diseases may lead to death if not treated early. One of the methods that can be used to cure some diseases is by using the treatment known as gene therapy. Based on Pruitt’s (2008) study, numbers of inherited and acquired diseases were reduced since gene therapy has the ability to provide new treatments to cure them. According to Shi and Zou (2008), gene therapy is defined as expression of protein or interrupts the synthesis of protein in cell by transferring the genetic material into a host in order to treat or prevent a disease. Besides that, Kelly (2007) stated that an “abnormal” hereditary disease-causing gene in an individual’s cells and tissues is treated and used gene therapy by to replace them with a “normal” gene. Around 1970’s, idea to use “genes” as “drugs” for human therapy was originally from United States (Giacca, 2010). Moreover, there are some objectives in using the gene therapy as a treatment. First, gene therapy is used to cure or slow the progression of disease by introducing the genetic material into target cells and next objective is to aim at the direct correction of endogenous genetic defects by delivered some additional copies of a gene (Pruitt, 2008; Giacca, 2010). Furthermore, Yadav and Tyagi (2008) found that there are two types of gene therapy which are germline gene therapy and somatic cell therapy. As stated by Shi and Zou (2008), therapy that involved modification of any cells in a patient’s body is called as somatic cell gene therapy while germ line gene therapy is therapy that involved modifying of human eggs or sperms that pass genes on to future generations. Other than that, animal tissue culture is used to test the effective...
Gene therapy is a method used by doctors that ‘uses genes as medicine’. It repairs faulty or damaged gene copies by transferring a therapeutic or working gene into specific parts of faulty gene copy. This means that gene therapy can be used to replace a faulty gene or to introduce a new gene whose function is to modify the clinical course of a condition or to cure a problem in the gene (Refer to image 2). Image 1 shows how gene therapy is completed using an adenovirus vector while image 2 explains the method of gene therapy and shows how cells are removed, altered and injected back into the patient. Gene therapy has potential to treat and cure many medical conditions such as various types of cancer, degenerative diseases and viral infections such as AIDS. Research into gene therapy still needs to be done before this approach to the treatment of certain conditions will realise its full potential. Trials are being conducted in the United States and Europe and a modest number initiated in other countries, including Australia. The majority of these trials are focussing on treating acquired conditions such as cancer (European Society of Gene & Cell therapy, 2011).
TIR1 is a key protein in Arabidopsis involved in the degradation of Aux/IAA to promote the expression of auxin induced genes. It has an important role in the regulation of auxin response genes and thus its function is conserved throughout plants. In our experiments we looked at the function of TIR1 by characterising an EMS tir1-1 mutant and also identified the members in the TIR1 gene family in arabidopsis and determined if the TIR1 function was conserved in other plant groups. Aux/IAA genes are one of the early auxin response genes that encode short-lived nuclear proteins with 4 conserved motifs, referred to as domain I,II,III, and IV. Domain II contains the degron motif; a sequence of 13 amino acids that play a role in the destabilization of Aux/IAA proteins and are the target in proteasome specific degradation.
Soil is one of the greatest contributors to plant growth because it consists of nutrients such as potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and living organism. In the vast plant world, some living organisms in soil and plants such as rhizobia, which are the bacteria that supply sufficient nodulation in legume crops” (Mathew, David, & Mark, 2013) are useful. It’s these important rhizobia bacteria located in the plants’ root nodules that aid in nitrogen fixation for the plant. Other living organisms such as nematodes and parasites are harmful to the plants’ health. The harmful living organisms in soil rob plants for their resources and nutrients leading to nitrogen and sulfur nutrient deficiencies. In highly valued nutritious food plants such as dwarf peas, Pisum sativum that contain an abundant content of essential elements such as starch; the presence of pathogens in soil will lead to low nutrition value content in the dwarf peas.
Genetic engineering enhances plant resistance to drought, salinity, disease, pests and herbicides. The aim is to try and enhance the growth, productivity, nutrient value, and chemical composition of the plants. Chemicals are constantly being developed or improved to enhance the competitiveness and adaptability of crops, and to kill the parasites and weeds which plague the agricultural sector. . This however is not always good as the plant and the pests then become resistant to these new chemicals defeating the purpose of it being used. The new chemicals which are produced to kill these strong pests and weeds may be more harmful to other plants and remove nutrients within the soil in turn reducing the yield of agricultural crops. The benefits of these characteristics are seen in Argentina according to Pelletier (2010) as they use glyphosphate resistant soybean which allowed the comeback of this crop, as the so...
Our analysis which was conducted in wild species and domesticated rice may help in understanding the natural selection and evolution of the important BB resistance genes to sustain under ever evolving pathogen constraint. Studying the pattern and structure of genetic variation of BB R genes will help us in understanding the evolutionary history of these genes. It will also help in identifying good resistance source which may be further utilized for developing disease resistance varieties.