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Weakness of functionalism in sociology
Weakness of functionalism in sociology
Criticisms of functionalism in sociology
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Durkheim used the term anomie to refer to a luck of moral regulations and further said a condition of relative normlessness in a whole society or in one of its component groups. When these social regulations break down the controlling influence on individual desires and interests is ineffective; individuals are left to their own devices that is when one is not being control by any rules and does not follow the regulations of life, deviance and stress are the result.
Durkheim identifies two major causes of anomie: the division of labor, and rapid social change. Both of these are associated with modernity. Theoretically, the focus tends to be on rapid change experienced by individuals either up or down the social structure. Individuals in modern society are confronted with a variety of groups that have different values and goals, each of which
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Determining the functions of social institutions and patterns of social facts played a key role in all of Durkheim's sociology. For example, Durkheim saw crime as a normal occurrence in any social system and as serving some positive functions for the society as a whole. He explained that crime has been one of the roots that brings human beings together which leads them to form society. He used the term crime to designate any act which, regardless degree, provokes against the perpetrator.
1) First, crime and the reaction to crime, he asserts, provides society with a point of normative consensus. By condemning the crime we are reaffirming bonds among the noncriminal population, asserting that the group condemns and punishes the criminal action.
2) A second function of crime is the drawing of boundaries for human behavior. By defining such boundaries, and punishing those who cross them, we are strengthening the collective
Symbolic interactionist make the major point. Because different groups have different norms, what is deviant to to some is not deviant to others. Structural functionalist could not be the correct answer because the functional perspective on deviance is that deviance also has functions. In contrast to this common assumption, the classic functionalist theorist Emile Durkheim (1893/1933, 1895/1964) came to a surprising conclusion. Deviance, he said—including crime—is functional for society. Deviance contributes to the social order in these three ways:
Durkheim was concerned with what maintained the cohesion of social structures. He was a functionalist, he believed each aspect of society contributes to society 's stability and functioning as a whole. He theorised that society stayed united for two reasons “mechanical solidarity” and “organic solidarity.” Premodern societies were held together by mechanical solidarity, a type of social order maintained through a minimal division of labour and a common collective consciousness. Such societies permitted a low degree of individual autonomy, Social life was fixed and there was no sense of self. They had retributive legal systems so no individual action or deviance from the common conscience was tolerated. In industrialised modern societies Durkheim says Mechanical solidarity is replaced with organic solidarity. In organic solidarity capitalist societies their is a high division of labour which requires the specialisation of jobs people do, this allows for individual autonomy
Crime and deviant behavior surprisingly helps increase “social activity” among various different people within a society. Therefore, crime and deviant behavior brings “people together in a common posture of anger and indignation…when these people come together to express their outrage over the offense…they develop a tighter sense of solidarity than existed earlier” (Erikson 4). For example, in the Steven Avery case, the people of Manitowoc, Wisconsin, all had very strong feelings of Steven Avery and his family, and as a result they were seen as deviant people in their own hometown. Those feelings towards him, and his family, would be a critical factor when he was accused of the horrendous crime (Making). Based on their feelings towards the Avery family, the society in which he lived developed the overall concept of us versus them (Erikson 11). Therefore, another concept that arises as a result of crime and deviant behavior is public temper, which is described as a “mutual group feeling” (Erikson
Robert Merton created his strain/anomie theory with a large influence from Emile Durkheim’s anomie theory. Durkheim stated that anomie is the “normlessness or deregulation” of society. One of Durkheim’s major points that Merton focused his theory on is “Western society placed a great emphasis on ‘achieving industrial prosperity’ without corresponding attention to restraining people’s appetites for success.” (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, p. 65)
Post-Modern American society is predominantly anomic. Explain why Durkheim would either agree or disagree with this statement. Give specific examples to back up your points. Durkheim introduced the term anomic, which is a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of purpose or ideas. When a social system is in a state of anomie, the social structure (common values and common meanings) (Coser) are no longer in understandings or accepting, and new values and meanings are not developing (Coser).
Durkheim was concerned with studying and observing the ways in which society functioned. His work began with the idea of the collective conscious, which are the general emotions and opinions that are shared by a society and which shape likeminded ideas as to how the society will operate (Desfor Edles and Appelrouth 2010:100-01). Durkheim thus suggested that the collective ideas shared by a community are what keeps injustices from continuing or what allows them to remain.
Much like the later structural functionalists that he would inspire, such as Radcliffe-Brown, Durkheim’s grounding in science led to a methodological strength. By focusing on understanding a single aspect of society, such as division of labor or suicide rates, Durkheim could focus on empirical data to create a testable hypothesis based on statistics. This makes it easy to refute and/or refine statements he made, but also made them easier to compare cross-culturally to see if variation exists.
A functionalist such as Durkheim (1858–1917) believed that deviance was an essential part of a functional society, and that by using the term deviant we were creating our own moral boundaries. Society’s reaction to an individual that crosses these moral boundaries forces people to come together, sharing the collective view of right from wrong. The consensus of these boundaries promotes self restraint and discipline within society. Durkheim theorised that the basis of social order was the shared belief in norms and values. The absence of social order would result in anomie.
Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim are considered the founding fathers of sociology and both had profound influence on the development of sociology. However, some may say that they differ dearly in their views about society. Although there are differences in outlooks between the two, one thing noticeable is Marx and Durkheim shared the same concern over society and its development. They were both, in particular concerned with the rise of the modern system of division of labour and the evolution of market society taking place in the domain of modern capitalism. Both approached these developments by introducing a theory of their own to shed light on the effects that modern capitalism had on solidarity and on society’s ability to reproduce itself. More so, to understand and solve the problems arose as the societies in which they lived moved from a pre-industrial to an industrial state. For Marx, one of the serious problems arose in this was what he termed alienation. On the other, for Durkheim it was what he called anomie. The purpose of this essay is to examine the underlying differences of these two notions and in hope that it may help us to better understand the different visions of society developed by these two great social thinkers. Firstly, we start off with Marx’s idea of alienation. Secondly, what anomie means to Durkheim. Then a comparison will be done on the two concepts, evaluating the similarities and differences between the two. Lastly, we will finally come to conclude how the concept of alienation differs from the concept of anomie.
We, as humans, hold individualism in the highest regard, yet fail to realize that groups diminish our individuality. Lessing writes, “when we’re in a group, we tend to think as that group does. but we also find our thinking changing because we belong to a group” (p. 334). Groups have the tendency to generate norms, or standards, for behavior in certain situations. Not following these norms can make you stand out and, therefore, groups have the ability to influence our thoughts and actions in ways that are consistent with the groups’ values.
Crime is seen to just exist however, that is not the case. It is argued that crime is created through society and that crime is both a social fact and a social construction. We are told daily about the problems in which we are facing from crime by politicians through the media. From this it is argued that crime is in fact a social fact and a social construction. Throughout this essay it looks at what exactly is a social construction and a social fact and if crime is in fact both a social construction and a social fact, it will also look at one of the main theories which will help draw a conclusion to if crime Is both a social fact and a social construction.
Both ideas which had been differently well developed by Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheim's holism approach said that sociology should focus on and study large social operations and cultures. He used functionalism, an approach of studying social and cultural phenomena as a set of interdependent parts, to find out the roles these institutions and processes play in keeping social order. Because of this importance in large social processes and institutions, Durkheim's sociology can be described as macro-sociological as compared to a micro-sociological, which takes it's starting point at the individual. Durkheim's main purpose was to give sociology a professional and scientific standing like other traditional social sciences. In order to do this, Durkheim argued that it was essential to clearly state the domain or area of study for sociology. He said that sociology's concern was with the social. This section of the social should be separated from the area of psychological and the individual.
According to Durkheim, anomie refers to an environmental state where society fails to exercise adequate regulation or constraint over the goals and desires of its individual members. Conversely, Robert K Merton argued that, anomie is a strain between the goals set by society and the legitimate means of achieving them. Evidently, anomie perspectives are not a unified body of work. While Durkheim is considered the founder of classical anomie theory it changed profoundly in the hands of Merton. To understand the differences in these explanations of anomie it is important to understand the different approaches undertaken by Durkheim and Merton. Their theories of society were constructed from different contexts. It is through these different constructions that their use of the term anomie changed.
Durkheim’s thesis in regards to social solidarity, based upon his views, which explain individuals influenced by social facts. The social facts he outlined and referred to as a “thing” (Ritzer, p 185) are the languages spoken, buildings, and ethics. Durkheim viewed social facts being outside of the individual but yet powerful in shaping the individual. Social facts defined as material and nonmaterial. Material social facts visible such as buildings, while nonmaterial social facts difficult to see but as a society we know they exist. The nonmaterial social facts are customs, cultures and norms for any given society (Ritzer, p 188). Social facts according to Durkheim, required research. Durkheim believed studying the nonmaterial social facts as being the most significant and at the heart of his theory (Ritzer, p 188).
In contrast, Emile Durkheim argued that crime is a functional part of society; each society has its own rates and types of crimes. Durkheim stated, “What is normal, simply, is the existence of criminality, provided that it attains and does not exceed, for each social type, a certain level, which it is perhaps not impossible to fix in conformity with the preceding rules.” (Durkheim, p. 61) Durkheim did not see crime as something habitual or as a symptom of a diseased society. I agree with Durkheim’s opinion of crime and society, I think that crime will not entirely disappear; instead the form itself will change. (Durkheim)