In “Why Facts Don’t Change our Minds” by Elizabeth Kolbert, She emphasizes that people continuously ignore facts and logic presented to them unless it goes along with their beliefs. This is called the confirmation bias. Specifically, she talks about a study conducted by Stanford University. In this study they have a group of students that believe in capital punishment read an article that is against capital punishment. The other group who is against capital punishment read a pro capital punishment article. Not surprisingly, these people didn’t change their view on capital punishment, instead they ended up agreeing with their future beliefs even more. This is a great example of confirmation bias and the backfire effect. Another main point Kolbert
The essay, “The Problem with New Data”, is written by Jon Carroll. In this essay he talks about the human behavior and how humans react differently with others. He explains how humans change their decisions quickly because they are weak. The purpose of this essay is to analyze how humans change their behavior toward certain things. Carroll argues that people belief and government pressure are the main reasons why people do not change their psychology and the way they think. Carroll points out these key points because these are the major issues of our society and what most people are having a hard time dealing with. He argues on the thinking and weaknesses of people and why they do not want to change those things.
Furthermore, the authors aim to unfold the scientific logic of their analysis of the effects of hidden biases so people will be “better able to achieve the alignment,” between their behavior and intentions (Banaji and Greenwald, 2013) preface
1 of the 9: Elizabeth Eckford. Elizabeth was born in the city of Little Rock on October 4, 1941. She graduated from Dunbar Junior High School, then went to Horace Mann High School, which at that time, was an all black school. On the morning of September 4, 1957, Elizabeth was getting ready to go to her first day of school at Little Rock Central High School. She didn?t have a phone at her house, so she didn?t know that the other 8 students were going to meet at Daisy Bates?
John Bradford viewed eternal life as something you have to earn and only by God’s mercy and your obedience can you be allowed to escape the fires of Hell. He saw eternal life as a privilege that only some of us are given in the end. For instance Bradford states, “What would not those poor damned hopeless souls give for one day’s opportunity such as you now enjoy!”. Whereas Anne Bradstreet saw God in a more loving life and believed that if you love God alone he will give you eternal life and that he is the reason for the good and bad situations. She believed God is only looking out for us and saving each one of us from the demented Earth to bring us home in Heaven with him. She explains this and says, “It’s purchased and paid for too by Him who hath enough to do”.
Confirmation Bias: A perfect example would pertain to when the victims of sexual assault from the University of North Carolina stuck together, they bonded when no one else would listen and believe them. They sought out each other and many others around the United States as the film continued until they had proven their point. The two women, Andrea and Annie just kept moving forward while avoiding those that
talks about negatively bias in “Changing Your Mind”. This chapter is the best to describe the
American social psychologist and original developer of the theory of Cognitive Dissonance Leon Festinger breaks down his theory into two main parts. First, the presence of dissonance, inconsistency or unpleasantness, will psychologically motivate a person to achieve consonance, consistency or pleasantness (Festinger 3). Psychologist Elliot Aronson, key researcher in the 20th century of this theory, expands on the definition of dissonance to be more straightforward. Dissonance occurs when a person holds two ideas, beliefs, or opinions at the same time that are contradictory with one and other. Part two of the theory states that a person will attempt to avoid situations or knowledge that would possibly or pro...
Cognitive dissonance can be described as the feeling of discomfort resulting from holding two conflicting beliefs. It can also be said to be the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information. A well-known psychologist Leon Festinger (1919–89), introduced this concept in the late 1950s where he proved that, when confronted with challenging new information; most people are observed to preserve their current understanding of the world by rejecting or avoiding the new information or by convincing themselves that no conflict really exists in one way or the other (Festinger, 04).
Over six million individuals were killed in the Holocaust during World War II in Germany. To this day, people still wonder how an entire country could stand by while millions of people were massacred. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) and Zimbardo (1971) both conducted experiments that involved cognitive dissonance, which helped explain how good people could be persuaded to do bad things. Cognitive dissonance is a feeling of discomfort that occurs when an individual’s actions are inconsistent with his behavior (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959). To reduce this tension, an individual often changes his/her attitude to align with his or behavior (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959). The results of both of these prominent studies provided valuable clinical information regarding the impact of cognitive dissonance that is still
The desire for consistency can go beyond rational thought or force a person to rationalize when things are out of line. People find comfort in knowing what to expect. When what is known and believed is challenged, people are disrupted and forced to make a decision on how to process conflicting information. To avoid the discomfort caused by cognitive dissonance, people may ignore opposing views, examine and change their views to maintain consistency with their actions or even seek reassurance (Defining Communication Theories, 2001).
Many people, in England, believe that there has always been one queen to stand above the rest. That queen was Elizabeth the 1st. She has made many accomplishments during her reign. From a compromise about what religion England would follow to defeating the Spanish Armada.
The wrath of God is like Great Waters that are damned for the present. The Puritans believed God would punish them if they disobey him. They were very religious people. Studying several authors’ works from a single time period enables readers to have a better understanding of their way of life. Even though Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwards were both Puritans, their distinctive writings and persuasive tactics differ greatly.
The Zundel vs. Citron case explains bias as, “a state of mind that is in some way predisposed to a particular result or that is closed with regard to particular issues,” (Zundel vs. Citron). Due to the importance that bias can play in a decision, the courts have created a legal test to determine if it exists in any given situation. The test is, “what would an informed person, viewing the matter realistically and practically – and having thought the matter through –
After performing a subject analysis on the three supplied sources it reasonable to state that; when an individual person or party is subjected to a misconception, they will react negatively. This claim stands constant no matter the type of misconception, or the form of the subjected parties’ reaction. The diverse range of supporting details given encompasses this very concept.
Defining cognitive dissonance can be considered challenging because authors assign it different terminology. Cognitive dissonance is describe by Haylock and Thangata (2007:23) as a form of cognitive conflict whereby children are presented with ‘conflicting ideas, or a result that differs from their prediction or conflicts with existing understanding.’ This implies that there are different types of cognitive dissonance that can be used to promote better understanding once the conflict has been resolved. In support of this, Festinger (1957) used the term cognitive dissonance to refer to the