Effects Of The Reformation

The Reformation’s most direct impact was upon religious and philosophical thought. It came about largely through dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church, which was a distinguished authority in Europe in the 1500s; when the Reformation began. As a result, the Church was fractured, giving rise to the multitude of Christian denominations that are seen in modern times. Reformation leaders like Martin Luther declared authority should be derived from the Bible, not the Pope or the Church, giving rise to Protestant systems of belief. Religions like Lutheranism are a direct result of the Reformation. The movement had economic impact as well. John Calvin, another Reformation leader, taught a doctrine of predestination and hard work. He taught that

This could be seen most clearly in England as Henry VIII proceeded to break from papal authority and establish the Church of England. Changes could also be seen throughout society as the Protestant emphasis on the individual reading of the Scripture placed a demand on improving literacy. Additionally, both Catholics and Protestants in their zeal to defend their faith, targeted religious minorities such as Jews and Muslims. The initial challenges to Catholic orthodoxy were meant to reform the practices of the church, but ultimately led to a schism in European Christendom. The split in European Christianity resulted in far-reaching political and social changes. Each of the early reformers faced opposition from both the Church, the secular rulers, and their own communities. The initial skepticism of the these groups quickly gave way to more hostile reactions which included excommunication, being shunned or in extreme cases being put to death. Financing their movements was also an issue. They required the patronage of a state or national ruler to back their cause. On Oct. 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the castle church at Wittenberg, inviting debate on matters of practice and doctrine. Luther's action was not yet a revolt against the church but a movement for reform within. It was, however, much more than an objection to the money-grabbing and secular policies of the clergy. Luther had already become convinced that in certain matters of doctrine the purity of the ancient church had been perverted by self-seeking Popes and clergy. Luther challenged the Catholic Church's practice of the sale of "Indulgences" which would enable a person to be excepted from God's punishment for his sins if he paid the Church a sum of money. For Luther, salvation could not be found in membership