Decapitation: Better Scenario of Counter-Terrorism.
Since the beginning of 21st century the word “terrorism” became a popular issue nearly in all over the world. The incident at the world trade center in the United States on September 11, 2001 awoke the world about the peril of terrorism. Threatened by the attacks, the US called for the United Nations to be involved once again in the fight against terrorism. In response to the request, the United Nations launched its second, more extensive campaign against international terrorism (Cortright & Lopez, 2007). The Security Council adopted Resolution 1373 (2001) mandating a full-scale campaign consists of 191 UN member states to nullify any kind of assistance to terrorists and those who back them up, therefore forming the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC). Three years afterward, Resolution 1535 (2004) concerning the establishment of the Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED) was adopted by the council in order to strengthen the CTC.
What is Terrorism?
According to the US legal code, terrorism can be defined as “Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by substantial groups or clandestine agents.” There are statement could better describe the essence of terrorism: attacks that are ruthless in nature and calculated in their impact on society at large (Bolz, Jr., Dudonis, & Schulz, 2012).
What Counter-Terrorism means?
The US Army Field Manual defines counter-terrorism as “Operations that include the offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism” (Rineheart, 2010). Another common definition of counter-terrorism is the practices, tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, militaries, police de...
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...e. He shouted that the US would soon stage Armageddon against Japan, entailing extraordinary preparations for war. Aum Shinrikyo was infamous for its use of sarin gas in Tokyo subway raid on March 20, 1995, which claimed the life of 12 and injured 6000 others. After Asahara’s capture in May 1995, he was sentenced to death by the trial in February 2004. The group then shrank dramatically, from around 40,000 members in 1995 to only about 1,650 in 2009, mostly in Russia and Japan.
The samples aforementioned are just a few examples from many cases related to terrorism, which was immobilized and disappeared eventually after its leaders were seized. There are many advantages to have the top leaders of terrorist groups in possession. Government can collect intelligent and proper information about the organization from its leader thereby making plans to deal with the rest.
Categorical terrorism, according to Jeff Goodwin, is defined as “the strategic use of violence and threats of violence, usually intended to influence several audiences, by oppositional political groups against civilian or noncombatants who belong to a specific entity, religious or national group, social class or some other collectivity, without regard to their individual identities or roles.” More so, in terms of definition, according to a study done by Jeffrey Record in 2003, there was a count of over 109 definitions of terrorism, covering 22 different categorical elements. During the 70s and 80s, the United Nations struggled to define the term, finally coming up with the following definition: “Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them.”
U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Bureau of Counterterrorism. Retrieved 05 01, 2014, from U.S. Department of State: Diplomacy in Action: http://www.state.gov/j/ct/
In Module one, I learned that terrorism is a result of physical harm or deadly acts of force with the intent of a political outcome by the use of terror for coercion. There are various types of terrorism such as international terrorism and domestic terrorism. International terrorism occurs outside of the United States with a purpose to influence the policy of a government by intimidation. International and Domestic terrorism both involve violent acts dangerous to human life that violate federal and state laws. Domestic terrorism occurs within the United States with the intention of coercion or intimidation by way of mass destruction, etc. Some forms of terrorism include Improvised explosive devices (IED), kidnappings, suicide bombings and
“In the days following the subway gas attack on March 20, 1995, as suspicion fell on the Aum, most people outside of Japan learned for the first time of this rathe...
Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http://www.cd http://www.govtech.com/gt/articles/276683?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email l & utm _ campaign = new % 20 JPS _ 2008_3_26 Hilde Haaland Kramer, & Steve A Yetiv. (2007). The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary'. The UN Security Council's Response to Terrorism: Before and After September 11, 2001. Political Science Quarterly, 122(3), 409-432.
Counterinsurgency (COIN) is defined as the political and military strategy or action intended to oppose and forcefully suppress insurgency. In Douglas Porch’s Counterinsurgency: Exposing the Myths of the New Way of War he begins to question the many scholars, public figures, generals or COIN-dinistas on their indiscriminating dedication to counterinsurgency. Counterinsurgency is not something new it has been around for merely 40 years, but recently it’s made its way to the forefront of many scholars list and huge supporters such as Gen. David Petraeus. Many believe that counterinsurgency is an ethical and successful way of warfare as it was for the French and British armies, but Porch, who teaches at the Naval Postgraduate School on the subject
The threat of global terrorism continues to rise with the total number of deaths reaching 32,685 in 2015, which is an 80 percent increase from 2014 (Global Index). With this said, terrorism remains a growing, and violent phenomenon that has dominated global debates. However, ‘terrorism’ remains a highly contested term; there is no global agreement on exactly what constitutes a terror act. An even more contested concept is whether to broaden the scope of terrorism to include non-state and state actors.
These questions were prompted by the theory of terror management (TMT), which promotes the
The U.S. Department of State defines terrorism as, “The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological”. Whereas the Belgium Red Cross says that terrorism is committed “for the purpose of intimidating the population, forcing a third party to act or destablishing or destroying the fundamental structures of a country or of an international organization”.
In recent decades terrorism has fueled many global conflicts and played a pivotal role in domestic and international politics. Domestic policies to combat terrorism continue to be hotly debated worldwide as the lines between freedom and security continue to blur. With an almost propagandistic anti-terrorism message being advertised throughout much of the developed world, one must ask if any progress has been made and whether or not governments have gone too far in trying to “protect” their citizens. Examining the current landscape of terrorism; the differing definitions found in the global community; what is currently being done to combat terrorism and the sustainability of these policies, it is clear that contemporary practices must be rethought in order to remain a viable and effective means to counter terrorism while protecting basic human rights moving forward.
Terrorism will happen again regardless of how prepared the U.S. thinks it may be. This means that it is the country’s job to ensure that there is a continuation of measures that should be taken to fight against terrorism. Others believe that the U.S. is fully prepared for another terrorist attack and that enough has been done. The question at hand is, should the U.S. still be concerned about terrorism. The United States needs to be concerned about terrorism to prevent tragedies like 9/11 from happening again, to address problems with domestic terrorism, and to improve homeland security.
Terrorism has many forms, and many definitions. “Elements from the American definitional model define terrorism as a premeditated and unlawful act in which groups or agents of some principal engage in a threatened or actual use o...
Terrorism is one of the most extensively discussed issues of our time and at the same time it is also one of the least understood. The term itself “terrorism” means many different things to different people, cultures, and races. As a result, trying to define or classify terrorism with one universal definition is nearly impossible. The definition of terrorism used in this research is a reflection of much of the Western and American way of defining it. The definition of terrorism is,
Counterintelligence is defined by the “Executive Order 12333 as information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, disrupt or protect against espionage and other activities carried out by foreign states or non state actors” (Lowenthal, 2011, pg. 163). Legally counter intelligence actions are to be documented support for using deceptive actions (Moravej &Diaz, 2007). Counterintelligence to fight terrorism has been in strong effect post the 9/11 attacks. In fact, the agencies that deal with such issues have increased in size, resources and funding. Many of the foreign counterintelligence methods are now adapted to national puposes. In our analysis we will discuss te role of counterintelligence on counter terrorism in the United
The 1995 subway attacks in Tokyo, Japan were perpetrated by the religious group calling themselves Aum Shinrikyo, meaning Supreme Truth, in an attempt to destroy the Japanese government leaving a vacuum for them to assume leadership of the country (Parachini, 2003). The Aum Shinrikyo leader, Shoko Asahara, envisioned that planet was about to enter a third world war that was fought super weapons such as nuclear and chemical weapons opposed to the use of the standardized weaponry of guns and bombs. Aum Shinrikyo network at its height had a following of 30,000 spread throughout Japan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Australia. Australian intelligence agencies reported in 1994 that a raid on a rural ranch ...